Visa policy of the Schengen Area

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Schengen Area entry stamp issued at Oslo international airport
Schengen Area exit stamp issued at the Polish–Ukrainian border

The visa policy of the Schengen Area is a component within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union. It applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states except Ireland.[1] The visa policy allows nationals of certain countries to enter the Schengen Area via air, land or sea without a visa for up to 90 days within any 180-day period. Nationals of certain other countries are required to have a visa to enter and, in some cases, transit through the Schengen area.

The Schengen Area consists of 25 EU member states and four non-EU countries that are members of EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Cyprus, while an EU member state, is not yet part of the Schengen Area but, nonetheless, has a visa policy that is partially based on the Schengen acquis.[2]

Ireland has opted out of the Schengen Agreement and instead operates its own visa policy, as do certain overseas territories of Schengen member states.

Nationals of EU single market countries are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. However, their right to freedom of movement in each other's countries can be limited in a reserved number of situations, as prescribed by EU treaties.

Visa policy map[edit]

  Schengen Area
  Other EU members and territories of Schengen countries outside the Schengen Area with freedom of movement in the Schengen Area
  Visa not required for short stays in the Schengen Area, usually 90 days within any 180-day period (EU 2018/1806 Annex II)
  Visa required to enter the Schengen Area, and, in some cases, to transit through certain Schengen countries (EU 2018/1806 Annex I)
  Visa required to enter or transit through any Schengen country (EC 810/2009 Annex IV)

Visa exemptions[edit]

Freedom of movement[edit]

Main article: Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
European Political CommunitySchengen AreaCouncil of EuropeEuropean UnionEuropean Economic AreaEurozoneEuropean Union Customs UnionEuropean Free Trade AssociationNordic CouncilVisegrád GroupBaltic AssemblyBeneluxGUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic DevelopmentCentral European Free Trade AgreementOrganization of the Black Sea Economic CooperationUnion StateCommon Travel AreaInternational status and usage of the euro#Sovereign statesSwitzerlandLiechtensteinIcelandNorwaySwedenDenmarkFinlandPolandCzech RepublicHungarySlovakiaBulgariaRomaniaGreeceEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaBelgiumNetherlandsLuxembourgItalyFranceSpainAustriaGermanyPortugalSloveniaMaltaCroatiaCyprusRepublic of IrelandUnited KingdomTurkeyMonacoAndorraSan MarinoVatican CityGeorgia (country)UkraineAzerbaijanMoldovaBosnia and HerzegovinaArmeniaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaAlbaniaSerbiaKosovoRussiaBelarus
A clickable Euler diagram[file] showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements

Nationals of 'Annex II' countries and territories (visa waiver countries)[edit]

Since 2001, the European Union has issued a list of countries whose nationals need visas (Annex I) and a list of those who do not (Annex II).[12] The two lists are also adopted by Cyprus, despite not being part of the Schengen Area yet.[13]

Nationals of the following countries and territories holding ordinary passports may enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa, for short stays (usually 90 days within any 180-day period):[14]

Residents and holders of visas of Schengen states[edit]

Holders of a long-stay visa or residence permit issued by a Schengen state or Monaco may also travel to other Schengen states, without an additional visa, for a stay of up to 90 days in any 180-day period.[46][47][48] Short-stay visas issued by a Schengen state are also valid for all other Schengen states unless marked otherwise.[46]

Holders of a double or multiple-entry visa or residence permit issued by a Schengen state or Monaco may also travel to Cyprus without an additional visa, for a stay of up to 90 days in any 180-day period, except nationals of Turkey and Azerbaijan, who still need a Cypriot visa.[13] However, visas and residence permits issued by Cyprus are not valid for travel to the Schengen Area.[49]

Family members of EU single market nationals[edit]

Individuals of any nationality who are family members of EU single market nationals and are in possession of a residence card indicating their status are exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the EU single market when they are accompanying their EU single market family member or are seeking to join them.[50]

School pupils resident in the EU single market or Annex II countries and territories[edit]

Refugees and stateless people resident in Ireland or Annex II countries and territories[edit]

Holders of local border traffic permits[edit]

Currently the local border traffic regulation agreements exist with Belarus (with Latvia since 2011), Moldova (with Romania since 2010), Russia (with Norway since 2012,[57] with Latvia since 2013 and Poland 2012-20161) and Ukraine (with Hungary and Slovakia since 2008, Poland since 2009 and Romania since 2015). Agreement between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is pending ratification but is applied on provisional basis.[58]

  1. ^ Poland has suspended the border traffic agreements with Russia indefinitely from 4 July 2016.[59][60]

Holders of non-ordinary passports[edit]

There are no common visa lists for holders of diplomatic, service and other official passports. States may still maintain different policies on these.[45]

Airport transit[edit]

In general, a passenger who transits through one single airport in the Schengen Area and Cyprus while remaining airside in the international transit area less than one day will not require a visa (transit privilege). This only applies if the transfer is possible without leaving the international transit area, which depends on the connecting flight and airport layout.[68]

However, on 5 April 2010, common visa requirements for airport transit were introduced by the European Union.[69] Nationals of the following 12 countries are required to hold an airport transit visa (ATV) when transiting through any airport in the Schengen Area or Cyprus, even if they remain airside:[70]

However, nationals of the above countries are exempt from airport transit visas if they hold a visa or residence permit issued by an EU single market country, Andorra, Canada, Japan, Monaco, San Marino or the United States, are family members of an EU single market national, hold a diplomatic passport, or are flight crew members.[71]

Additionally, individual Schengen countries can impose airport transit visa requirements for nationals of other countries in urgent cases of mass influx of illegal immigrants.[72] For example, nationals of Syria need ATVs for many but not all Schengen countries.

Visas[edit]

Schengen visa issued by Germany

Schengen visas can be issued by any member state of the Schengen Area. Travellers must apply to the embassy or consulate of the country which they intend to visit. In cases of travellers visiting multiple countries in the Schengen Area, travellers must apply to their main destination's embassy or consulate.[75] If the main destination cannot be determined, the traveller should apply for the visa at the embassy of the Schengen member state of first entry.[75] Often, external service providers are contracted by certain diplomatic missions to process, collect and return visa applications.

Schengen visa applications may not be submitted more than six months prior to the proposed date of entry into the Schengen Area.[76] All countries' embassies may require applicants to provide biometric identifiers (ten fingerprints and a digital photograph) as part of the visa application process to be stored on the Visa Information System (VIS). Biometric identifiers are not collected from children under the age of 12.[77] Travellers applying for a Schengen visa for the first time must apply in person and are subject to an interview by the consular officers. If biometric identifiers have been provided within the past 59 months, the applicant may not be required to provide biometric identifiers again. Providing that the visa application is admissible and there are no issues with the application, a decision must be given within 15 calendar days of the date on which the application was lodged.[78]

The standard application fee for a Schengen visa is EUR 80. There is a reduced application fee of EUR 40 for children aged 6 to 12. The visa application fee may be waived or reduced in order to 'promote cultural or sporting interests, interests in the field of foreign policy, development policy and other areas of vital public interest, or for humanitarian reasons or because of international obligations'. Where an application is submitted to an external service provider, an additional service fee may have to be paid.[79]

Schengen visas are valid for any country in the Schengen Area unless marked otherwise.[46] Cyprus also accepts double and multiple-entry Schengen visas, for stays of up to 90 days in a 180-day period, except for nationals of Turkey and Azerbaijan.[13] However, visas issued by Cyprus are not valid for travel to the Schengen Area.[49]

The Schengen Convention and Schengen Borders Code permit member states to require third-country nationals to report their presence to a police station within 3 working days of crossing an internal border.[80] This requirement varies by country and can usually be performed by hotels instead.

Since the global loosening of COVID-19 lockdown rules and the rebound in travel demand, Schengen nation embassies have come under immense criticism for long visa processing times and unavailability of visa appointments.[81][82] The general lack of competition for visa outsourcing contracts, which are dominated by companies such as VFS Global, BLS International and TLScontact, has also been blamed for the poor service.[83]

This has partly spurred the EU to further digitalise the process. It is planning to introduce a unified online visa application platform at the EU and Schengen level, replacing the separated national platforms. The platform will be built by eu-LISA and is scheduled to be introduced in 2026. A transition period for all member states to migrate to the single platform is scheduled to last until 2031.[84] The European Parliament voted on 18 October 2023 to introduce the digital application system and for cryptographically signed visas. In almost all cases, applications for Schengen visas will be made through a single website.[85]

Visa facilitation agreements[edit]

The EU has concluded visa facilitation agreements with several countries, which allow facilitated procedures for issuing visas for both EU citizens and nationals of partner countries. The facilitated procedures include faster visa processing times, reduced or no fees, and reduced list of supporting documents.[86] These agreements are also linked to readmission agreements that allow the return of people irregularly residing in the EU.[87]

At the border[edit]

In exceptional cases, single-entry Schengen visas valid for up to 15 days may be issued on arrival at the border. These visas are reserved for individuals who can prove that they were unable to apply for a visa in advance due to time constraints arising out of 'unforeseeable' and 'imperative' reasons as long as they fulfil the regular criteria for the issuing of a Schengen visa.[91] However, if the individual requesting a Schengen visa at the border falls within a category of people for which it is necessary to consult one or more of the central authorities of other Schengen States, they may only be issued a visa at the border in exceptional cases on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or on account of international obligations (such as the death or sudden serious illness of a close relative or of another close person).[92] In 2017, about 89,000 Schengen visas were issued to travellers on arrival at the border.[93] People trying this way to travel to the Schengen Area can be denied boarding by the airline because of the carrier's responsibility, which penalises airlines if they carry passengers who do not have the correct documentation.

Visas with limited territorial validity[edit]

In exceptional cases, Schengen states may issue visas with limited territorial validity (LTV), either specifically naming the state(s) for which it is valid or, inversely, the state(s) for which it is not valid. According to the Schengen Visa Code, member states may issue LTV visas when a consulate deems it justifiable to overcome the three-month limitation in six months, when a member state considers it necessary due to pressing circumstances to derogate from entry conditions as set by Schengen Borders Code, to overcome objections of other member states, or in cases of urgency.[94]

Unrecognised travel documents[edit]

Schengen visas are only issued on travel documents of UN member states, Kosovo, Palestine, Taiwan, Vatican City, the Order of Malta, and certain international organisations (Council of Europe, EU, NATO, Red Cross, UN).[95][96][97] Belgium and France also accept the passport of Somaliland.[98] Passports of Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia, Transnistria and Western Sahara are not accepted.[99]

Statistics[edit]

Most Schengen visas were issued to applicants located in the countries listed below (listed if more than 100,000 visas issued in most recent year).[93][100][101][102] Applicants were not necessarily nationals of these countries.

Future changes[edit]

Visa exemptions[edit]

Since 2020[edit]

  •  Bahrain  Kuwait  Oman  Qatar  Saudi Arabia – In 2022, the EU Council proposed a visa exemption for nationals of all countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council that were not yet exempt.[103]
  •  Ecuador – In 2022, the EU Parliament proposed a visa exemption for nationals of Ecuador.[104]
  •  Guyana – In July 2023, Guyanese president Irfaan Ali stated that at least five EU countries had agreed to sponsor a proposal for a visa exemption for nationals of Guyana.[105]
  •  Maldives - In December 2022, Foreign Minister Abdulla Shahid discussed with EU diplomats the possibility of securing a visa waiver for Maldivian nationals wishing to enter the Schengen area.[106]
  •  Vanuatu – A visa waiver agreement between the EU and Vanuatu was suspended on 4 May 2022 and set to resume on 4 August 2024.[33]

Before 2020[edit]

Entry/Exit System[edit]

Main article: Entry/Exit System

In 2017, the EU adopted a regulation to establish an Entry/Exit System (EES) to record electronically the entry and exit of third-country nationals to and from the Schengen Area in a central database, replacing the manual stamping of passports. The goals are to increase automation of border control and to identify overstayers.[121][122] As of February 2023, EES is expected to enter into operation in 2024.[123]

The EU also plans to establish a Registered Traveller Programme that would allow pre-screened travellers easier access.[124]

ETIAS[edit]

Main article: European Travel Information and Authorisation System

The European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) is a planned electronic authorisation system for visa-exempt visitors to travel to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states,[125] except Ireland, which remains in the Common Travel Area with the United Kingdom and other British Islands.[126]

The implementation of ETIAS has been postponed several times.[125] As of 2023, it is expected to become operational in 2025,[127] with 6-month grace period to allow travellers and staff to become familiar with the new system.[128] Prospective visitors will need to complete an online application and a €7 fee must be paid by those aged 18 to 70.[129] ETIAS is expected to process the vast majority of applications automatically by searching in electronic databases and then provide an immediate response but, in some limited cases, it may take up to 30 days.

Single visa application platform[edit]

The European Commission is planning to introduce a single online visa application platform at the EU level, replacing the separated national platforms. The platform will be built by eu-LISA and is scheduled to be introduced in 2026. A transition period for all member states to migrate to the single platform is scheduled to last until 2031.[84] The proposal was approved by the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs in February 2023 by a margin of 34–5.[130] The Parliament negotiated with the European Council on the final wording and implementation.[131][132] On 13 June 2023, both parties agreed on a draft regulation, to be agreed by the Member States.[133]

Reciprocity[edit]

Main article: Visa requirements for European Union citizens
Visa requirements for European Union citizens
  European Single Market (freedom of movement)
  Visa-free access for all EU citizens
  Visa-free access for some EU citizens
  Visa on arrival for all EU citizens
  Visa on arrival for some EU citizens
  Electronic visa application

The EU requires that all Annex II countries and territories provide visa-free access for 90 days or longer to nationals of all Schengen states and other EU countries implementing the common visa rules (Cyprus, but not Ireland). If an Annex II country is found to not provide full reciprocity, the EU may decide to suspend the visa exemption for certain categories or later all nationals of that country.[12]

Since the adoption of this policy, full reciprocity has been achieved with all Annex II countries except the United States, which, as of 2023, requires visas from nationals of Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania.[134] In November 2014, the Bulgarian government announced that it would not ratify the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership unless the United States lifted visa requirements for its nationals.[135] Since the United States failed to lift the requirements, on 3 March 2017 the European Parliament approved a non-binding resolution calling on the European Commission to revoke the visa-free travel for US nationals to the Schengen Area.[136]

Some Annex II countries and territories also impose minor restrictions on nationals of certain or all EU/Schengen states that are not considered a breach of reciprocity by the EU. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States require an electronic authorisation before travel, similar to the EU's own planned ETIAS. Canada also requires a visa from nationals of Romania with non-electronic passports.[137] El Salvador requires citizens of Bulgaria and Croatia to buy tourist cards on arrival.[138][139] Israel requires a visa from nationals of Germany born before 1928, which is issued free of charge if they were not involved with the Nazi Party.[140][141][142] Montserrat requires an electronic visa from nationals of Croatia.[143] The United States limits the validity of its electronic authorisation for nationals of Hungary to one year and a single use,[144] and requires a visa for those born outside Hungary.[145][146]

Stays exceeding 90 days[edit]

In general, third-country nationals staying more than 90 days in the Schengen Area as a whole or in Cyprus require either a long-stay visa for less than a year or a residence permit for longer periods.

Although long-stay visas issued by these countries have a uniform design, the procedures and conditions for issuing them are usually determined by each individual country. For example, some Schengen countries require applications for long-stay visas to be made in the applicant's home country, while other Schengen countries permit them after arrival. Some procedures may vary depending on the applicant's country as well.[147][148][149][150] In some situations, such as for study, the procedures and conditions for long-stay visas have been harmonised among all issuing states.[151][152] Each country is also free to establish its own conditions for residence permits.

Third-country nationals who are long-term residents of an EU or Schengen state (except Ireland and Denmark) may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another of these states without losing their legal status and social benefits.[153] The Van Der Elst visa rule allows third-country nationals employed in the EU single market to work temporarily in another EU single market country for the same employer under certain conditions.

Bilateral visa waivers[edit]

Some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. For example, France does not require nationals of the European microstates to apply for a long-stay visa.[154]

Nationals of some 'Annex II' countries (such as Australia, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United States) that had entered into visa waiver agreements with individual Schengen states before they implemented the Schengen agreement are permitted to stay for an additional period of time, above and beyond the typical maximum stay limit of 90 days within 180 days imposed on visa-free 'Annex II' nationals. In such instances, the period of additional stay depends on the specific visa waiver agreement, and only applies if the 'Annex II' national has used up their maximum stay limit as provided for under the Schengen Area.[155]

Means of subsistence[edit]

In addition to general requirements, Schengen states also set entry conditions for foreign nationals of countries outside the EU single market called the "reference amounts required for the crossing of the external border fixed by national authorities" regarding means of subsistence during their stay.[171][172]

Visa policies of Ireland and overseas territories[edit]

Main articles: Visa policy of Ireland, Visa policies of Overseas France, Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean, Visa policy of the Faroe Islands, Visa policy of Greenland, and Visa policy of Svalbard

Ireland has an independent visa policy. It grants visa-free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities, except for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, East Timor, Georgia, Kosovo, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Palau, Peru, Serbia and Venezuela. It also grants visa-free entry to several additional countries – Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Eswatini, Fiji, Guyana, Lesotho, Maldives, Nauru and South Africa. Visas for Ireland and for the Schengen Area are not valid for each other. Ireland is part of the Common Travel Area and maintains freedom of movement with the United Kingdom in addition to with EU and Schengen countries.[187]

The British overseas territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia has open borders with Cyprus and follows the visa policy of the Schengen Area, but requires permits for stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period.[188][189] These rules were not affected by Brexit.[190]

Overseas France and the Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands have individual visa policies that are mostly aligned with the Schengen Area, with some exceptions and additions.

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have the same list of nationalities exempt from visas as the Schengen Area, and arrivals from the Schengen Area are not subject to border checks. However, Schengen visas are not valid there, so nationalities that are not exempt need separate visas for these territories. These regulations are due to a special agreement under the Nordic Passport Union.[191][192]

Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone. Travellers to and from Svalbard must present a passport or national ID card.[193] Travellers who need a visa for the Schengen Area must have such visa if they travel to Svalbard via mainland Norway, and this must be a double-entry visa if they also return from Svalbard via mainland Norway.[194]

Visa policies of candidate and applicant states[edit]

See also: Enlargement of the European Union
  EU member states
  EU candidates: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine[195]
  Recognised by the EU as potential candidates which have applied for membership: Kosovo (status disputed).[196]

Countries applying to join the European Union are obliged to adopt the EU's visa policy no later than three months before they formally join the Union.[197] Schengen countries give visa-free access to nationals of all EU candidate and applicant states except Turkey.[198] Candidate states Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro and North Macedonia, and applicant state Kosovo maintain similar visa policies as the Schengen Area, with some notable exceptions regarding countries that were added to the Schengen Annex II more recently and additional nationalities not listed in Annex II. Candidate states Georgia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine require visas from some nationalities that have always been in Annex II and also maintain visa exemptions for some additional nationalities not in Annex II. Turkey also requires visas from nationals of EU member state Cyprus.

Validity for other countries[edit]

Schengen visas that are valid for further travel are accepted as substitute visas for national visas in several other countries.

See also[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Europe.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i For holders of biometric passports.
  2. ^ For holders of a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport.
  3. ^ For holders of a Macao Special Administrative Region passport.
  4. ^ Except for holders of passports issued by the Serbian Coordination Directorate.
  5. ^ For holders of passports containing an identity card number.
  6. ^ Including all classes of British nationality.
  7. ^ British citizens (except those connected only to the Crown dependencies), British subjects with right of abode in the United Kingdom, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Gibraltar.
  8. ^ A visa waiver agreement with Vanuatu came into force on 28 May 2015, but was suspended from 4 May 2022 for holders of passports of Vanuatu issued from 25 May 2015.[29] Although the visa waiver could still apply to passports issued before that date, such passports had a validity of five years so they had already expired.[30][31][32] The visa waiver agreement was fully suspended from 4 February 2023 for all passports.[33]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. "Schengen Visa – BMEIA, Außenministerium Österreich". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Visa policy". European Commission. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ^ Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
  4. ^ Summary of the Directive 2004/38/EC "Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States". 2 May 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  5. ^ Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement
  6. ^ "Short Overview of the EFTA Convention". Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  7. ^ Article 6.3.2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
  8. ^ Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005, Case C 215/03, Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie, ECLI:EU:C:2005:95
  9. ^ Article 27 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  10. ^ Article 28 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  11. ^ Article 29 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
  12. ^ a b Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement, pp. 39–58
  13. ^ a b c "Visa section". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus.
  14. ^ "Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement". European Commission.
  15. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2317/95 of 25 September 1995 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of the Member Statesd
  16. ^ a b Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  17. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2414/2001 of 7 December 2001 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of Member States and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  18. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 1932/2006 of 21 December 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  19. ^ Ratified by the European Parliament (EP) on 15 December 2015
  20. ^ a b Ratified by the EP on 15 December 2015
  21. ^ a b c Ratified by the EP on 8 June 2016
  22. ^ Ratified by the EP on 5 July 2016
  23. ^ a b c d e Ratified by the EP on 1 December 2016
  24. ^ Regulation (EU) 2023/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Kosovo (This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.)), EUR-Lex, 25 April 2023. The regulation specified that the visa exemption would apply from the date when ETIAS started operations or from 1 January 2024, whichever came first. ETIAS did not start operations before that date. "Frequently asked questions about ETIAS". European Union.
  25. ^ The Schengen acquis - Decision of the Executive Committee of 15 December 1997 on the harmonisation of visa policy (SCH/Com-ex (97) 32)
  26. ^ The Schengen acquis - Decision of the Executive Committee of 28 April 1999 on the definitive versions of the Common Manual and the Common Consular Instructions (SCH/Com-ex (99) 13)
  27. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 453/2003 of 6 March 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  28. ^ Corrigendum to Council Regulation (EC) No 1932/2006 of 21 December 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement
  29. ^ Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/693 of 27 April 2022 on the temporary suspension of the visa exemption for nationals of Vanuatu, EUR-Lex.
  30. ^ "FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)". Government of Vanuatu. 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022.
  31. ^ No More Passport, Daily Post, 10 May 2018.
  32. ^ Upgraded Passport Launched, Daily Post, 24 July 2019.
  33. ^ a b Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/222 of 1 December 2022 on the temporary suspension of the visa exemption for all nationals of Vanuatu, EUR-Lex.
  34. ^ Article 6 of the Schengen Borders Code, pp. 1–52
  35. ^ Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 3.1 C (2019) 7131
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