Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
| Myanmar civil war | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Myanmar conflict | |||||||||
 Military situation as of 4 April 2024: State Administration Council and allies National Unity Government and allies Karenni resistance forces[i]
Other combatants For a detailed accurate up-to-date map, see here For a list of engagements, see here | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Allied ethnic armed organisations:
Other organizations:
| |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 100,000 (PDF, February 2024 estimate)[20] and more than 100,000 (LDF and allied ethnic armed organisations, EAOs) | about 150,000 personnel; 70,000 combat troops (Tatmadaw, May 2023 estimate)[21] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| |||||||||
.png/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_(Myanmar).png){kind=small}
_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Tatmadaw)_of_Myanmar.svg.png){kind=small}
Armed conflicts
Coup d'états Protests Related topics  Myanmar portal |
The Myanmar civil war,[n] also called the Burmese Spring Revolution, Burmese civil war or People's Defensive War, is an ongoing civil war following Myanmar's long-running insurgencies, which escalated significantly in response to the 2021 military coup d'état and the subsequent violent crackdown on anti-coup protests.[30][31] The NUG and major ethnic armed organisations repudiated the 2008 Constitution and called instead for a democratic federal state.[32] Besides engaging the rebels, the junta also contends with anti-junta forces in areas under its control.[33]
As of March 2023, the United Nations (UN) estimated that since the coup in February 2021, 17.6 million people in Myanmar required humanitarian assistance, while 1.6 million were internally displaced, and over 55,000 civilian buildings had been destroyed.[34] UNOCHA said that over 40,000 people had fled into neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh, India and Thailand.[35]
As of October 2023, the Tatmadaw controlled under 40% of the country, although they maintained that they controlled around two thirds of the country's 330 townships.[12][36] In the second half of 2023, Chinland Defense Forces in the state of Chin had captured a majority of the state, with a few holdouts in urban areas and along the India–Myanmar border remaining. In October 2023, the Tatmadaw began facing manpower issues, with desertions and low morale being extremely common, coinciding with the PDF and Three Brotherhood Alliance's major rebel offensive in the west of the country, Operation 1027, which was successful in taking 80 bases, 220 junta positions and several towns by 28 November 2023.[37]
October and November 2023 saw a series of concurrent counter-offensives, including Operation 1111 besieging the state capital of Loikaw and renewed conflict by anti-junta forces in northern Rakhine and Chin states.[38][39][40] In Operation 1027, anti-junta forces seized the district-level town of Kawlin, Sagaing Region (later recaptured by junta forces) in early November 2023 as well as Laukkai, the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone, in early January 2024.[14][41] Operation 1027 continued past a ceasefire in northern Shan State with Mrauk U, among others, falling to Arakan Army forces in February 2024.[13] As of February 2024, thousands of soldiers have surrendered without a fight, including six generals of the Tatmadaw, the regime’s military.[42] The junta waged terror tactics among the population including burnings, beheadings, mutilations, torching villages, and a massive aerial bombing campaign that has displaced nearly three million people.[43] A group of observers write that the Tatmadaw's forces remain "formidable and well-equipped", with "external allies and economic resources".[44][45][46]
Background[edit]
Internal conflict in Myanmar[edit]
Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948 and have largely been ethnic-based. Communist insurgencies and the Karen National Union were the primary opposition actors to the central government.[47][48] Over the 20th century, several prominent ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) rose and fell in influence and control. Larger rebel factions such as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) formed in response to Ne Win's 1962 coup d'état and its increased political repression.[49] The 8888 Uprising, in response to the totalitarian rule of Ne Win, resulted in some of the first modern Bamar militias forming from protestors heading to areas under ethnic rebel control.[50]
In the aftermath of the 8888 Uprising, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), later known as the State Peace and Development Council, formed a military junta. Myanmar's military, known better as the Tatmadaw, severely weakened ethnic insurgent groups, destroying most of their bases and strongholds through the 1990s.[51] By the time of the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms, the junta had regained control of many long-time rebel strongholds including Kokang and Karen State.[52][53]
The 2008 Constitution created self-administered zones with increased autonomy as part of its reforms. In 2015, the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) was signed between eight EAOs and the central government.[54] However, by 2018 the NCA began to fall apart, due to alleged violations of the agreement by Tatmadaw soldiers entering EAO territories to build roads.[55] Many non-signatories continued the conflict. In late 2016, four non-signatories of the NCA formed the Northern Alliance, including the KIA and Arakan Army, engaged in war with the central government and other EAOs.[56]
2021 Myanmar coup d'état and protests[edit]
On the morning of 1 February 2021, the Tatmadaw successfully deposed the elected Myanmar government in a coup, forming a military junta. Former president Win Myint, Aung San Suu Kyi, and several other members of the National League for Democracy were detained during early morning raids and Min Aung Hlaing was placed as the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services and de facto ruler of the nation.[57]
The exact motives behind the coup are unclear. In the leadup to the coup, the Tatmadaw claimed that the 2020 general elections had 8.6 million voter irregularities, but presented no evidence. The coup may have been a way to re-establish the military's long-reigning power over the country which ended ten years prior.[58]
The bloody repression of anti-coup demonstrations led to the creation of armed groups to fight the State Administration Council and the military junta. Gathered under the name of the People's Defence Force (PDF) and the orders of the National Unity Government (NUG), formed by parliamentarians in office before the coup d'état, the PDF and the NUG officially declared a "defensive war" against the military regime in September 2021.[59] The ACLED estimated that as of 29 July 2022, around 23,521 people in total had been killed in the violence following the 2021 coup.[60][61]
In the months following the coup, the opposition began to coalesce around the National Unity Government, which launched an offensive against the State Administration Council (SAC) and the military junta. By 2022, the opposition controlled substantial, though sparsely populated, territory.[62][63][64] In many villages and towns, the junta's attacks drove out tens of thousands of people. On the second anniversary of the coup, in February 2023, the chairman of the SAC, Min Aung Hlaing, admitted to losing stable control over "more than a third" of townships. Independent observers note the real number is likely far higher, with as few as 72 out of 330 townships remaining under the control of the Tatmadaw, the military forces aligned with the junta. However, the townships under the control of the junta still included all major population centres.[11]
Prelude[edit]
Armed protesters[edit]
By late March 2021, dozens of protesters had travelled to Myanmar's border areas to enlist in and train under one of the country's many insurgent groups,[65] elevating the risk of a countrywide civil war.[66] The Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw also proposed the formation of a "federal armed force" to combat the military,[67] and in late March the Arakan Army (AA) threatened to end its ceasefire with the military should the latter "persist in massacring civilians".[68]
During late March, protesters increasingly began arming themselves with homemade weapons in an attempt to defend themselves against attacks by the military. Clashes with soldiers and IED attacks against administrative buildings and police stations became more common and protesters slowly became armed resistance.[69]
After about thirty years of dormancy, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), became active again on 15 March 2021 when communist fighters crossed from China into Kachin State where the Kachin Independence Army would provide them weapons.[70] and by August 2021, the CPB established a new armed wing to fight against the junta.[71] Over the next two years, the PLA would grow its presence in Tanintharyi Region, where they fight alongside the PDF, claiming to have 1,000 active troops in December 2023.[72]
Renewed ethnic conflict[edit]
The unrest across the nation and the increased need for junta troops in previously peaceful urban areas strengthened EAOs. The Kachin Independence Army had already been on the offensive since February and seized the military's base of Alaw Bum near the town of Laiza on 25 March 2021.[73] The next day, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) attacked a military base, killing 10 junta soldiers and taking others hostages in their first attack since the protests began.[74] The following day saw the 2021 Kalay clashes where protestors openly used homemade weapons against soldiers for the first time, targeting security forces attacking a protest camp.[75]
The military junta declared that it would cease all military operations on 29 March 2021 and hold bilateral negotiations with ethnic armed groups. However, the Kachin Independence Army continued its offensives stating that the Myanmar Army had not ceased operations.[73] Seven insurgent groups who were signatories to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement aligned themselves with the National Unity Government (NUG), including the All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF) and the Karen National Union (KNU).[76] The Northern Alliance, comprising the Arakan Army, the Ta'ang National Liberation Army and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, attacked a police station in Naungmon, Shan State, killing at least 10 police officers and indicating their disregard of the junta's call for a ceasefire.[77] In response, on 11 April 2021, the junta military launched a counter-attack to recapture the Alaw Bum base using airstrikes and ground troops, but had to retreat amidst heavy casualties.[78]
On 26 April, the Battle of Mindat became one of the first large-scale conflicts arising from the 2021 coup. The Chinland Defense Force (CDF) began armed resistance in Mindat, Chin State and the junta declared martial law.[79] After a soldier allegedly fired at protestors, fighting between the two sides erupted.[80] The battle lasted four days, killing 30 junta soldiers and left Mindat abandoned as more than 10,000 people fled the area.[81]
Onset of formal resistance and war, May 2021[edit]
On 16 April 2021, pro-democracy politician Min Ko Naing announced the formation of the National Unity Government, with members of ethnic minority groups in senior roles. As part of the announcement he said that ousted leaders Aung San Suu Kyi and Win Myint would retain their positions and asked the international community to recognize their government over the junta.[82][83] Throughout April, informal clashes with protestors intensified, such as in Taze when protesters fought back against soldiers with hunting rifles and firebombs on 8 April.[84]
The National Unity Government then declared the formation of an armed wing, the People's Defence Force (PDF) – on 5 May 2021, a date that is often cited as the start of the civil war. The PDF was formed to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army.[85] The PDF clashed with the Tatmadaw in the town of Muse on 23 May, killing at least 13 members of Myanmar's security forces.[86]
In early June, fighting erupted in Myawaddy District where the military and Karen Border Guard Forces battled against a combined Karen and PDF force, leaving dozens of junta troops killed.[87] Members of the Karenni PDF in Kayah State also captured and destroyed several Tatmadaw outposts near the state capital, Loikaw.[88] Towards the end of May, the Tatmadaw used artillery and helicopters to strike PDF positions in Loikaw and Demoso.[89] On 30 May, the KIA joined the PDF in a battle against junta troops in Katha Township, killing eight regime soldiers. Fighting also sprouted up in other Kachin State townships, including Putao, Hpakant and Momauk.[90]
While there were less conflict deaths between May and September, there were still many armed clashes and a spike in early June.[91] On 22 June, junta forces using armoured vehicles raided a safehouse of the PDF in Mandalay, detaining several fighters.[92] Myanmar security forces killed at least 25 people in another raid in Tabayin.[93] These attacks occurred in Central Myanmar, also known as Anyar, an area that had rarely seen armed violence in recent times.[94]
Declaration of war[edit]
On 7 September 2021, the NUG declared a state of emergency across the nation and launched what they called the "people's defensive war" against the military junta.[95][96] The declaration of war increased the number of skirmishes and clashes between PDF militias, EAOs and the military junta across the country.[97] According to the NUG in September 2021, over 1,700 junta soldiers had been killed and 630 wounded in fighting during the preceding three months.[98] Several major clashes took place from September to October in Chin State, Sagaing Region, Magwe Region, Kayah State and Shan State.[99][100]
By late September 2021, 8,000 residents of Thantlang town, Chin state, fled to Mizoram, India after their houses were set ablaze by the junta army.[101] Ambushes by anti-junta forces in Shan State also killed at least 20 soldiers.[102] On 16 November 2021, junta forces overran and captured the base camp of Kalay PDF in southwestern Sagaing Region, killing 2 fighters and capturing 9 Kalay PDF medics.[103]
In October, junta-controlled media reported that at least 406 junta informants had been killed and 285 wounded since 1 February in targeted attacks by resistance forces.[104]
Initial conflict[edit]
2021–2022 dry season campaigns[edit]
According to analyst Matthew Arnold, the civil war's momentum passed a critical threshold by the end of the 2022 dry season where the revolutionary sentiment had grown into a broader social and armed resistance that the junta could no longer suppress.[105] Towards the end of 2021, direct armed clashes gave way to more bombings, explosive devices and landmines. The PDF, with the strong ground support from local communities, attacked soft government targets like police stations, outposts and junta-owned businesses. Through these, the resistance became more organised as they seized weapons, got training and communicated between units through the help of the NUG and allied EAOs.[91] According to the Karen National Union, roughly 2,200 junta soldiers and militiamen were killed in the first half of 2022.[106]
South-eastern Myanmar[edit]
On 17 November 2021, dozens of junta soldiers ambushed an outpost of the Moebye PDF in Pekon Township, Shan State, forcing outnumbered PDF soldiers to retreat.[107] At least four junta soldiers were killed during a four-day clash in Hpruso Township with the KNDF and Karenni Army.[108]
On 14 December, around 200 Tatmadaw troops searched the Karen National Union (KNU)-controlled town of Lay Kay Kaw Myothit near the Thai border, arresting people suspected to be activists or members of the PDF.[109] On 20 December, Tatmadaw forces burned down nineteen houses in Kunnar, Loikaw Township after taking it from the KNDF the week before.[110]
On 24 December, more than 35 people were massacred when they were ambushed by junta troops outside the village of Mo So in Kayah State.[111] Two staff members of the aid group Save the Children were among those killed.[112] The United Nations Security Council condemned the attack and called for a "thorough and transparent investigation" into the incident.[113][114]
Throughout February and March 2022, the junta carried out repeated air strikes against civilian targets in villages in Shan, Kayin and Kayah States. On 17 February alone, around 20 junta soldiers and 20 resistance fighters were killed in clashes in Mobye, southern Shan State.[115] Witnesses described soldiers systematically looting jewelry, cash, vehicles, and other valuables. Amnesty International reported these actions as Collective Punishment against the country's ethnic minorities.[116]
Fighting broke out in parts of Loikaw on 14 April.[117] The number of refugees on the Thai border increased after increased combat in Kayin State.[118] On 15 April, junta soldiers suffered at least 30 casualties after being pushed back by the KNLA at the battle for Lay Kay Kaw.[119]
Central Myanmar[edit]
The Dry Zone historical heartland of Myanmar had rarely seen armed violence in the modern conflict in Myanmar since 1948 as a predominantly Buddhist and Bamar farming region. The fighting in the Anyar theater of Central Myanmar starting in 2021 changed this trajectory. Without the presence of EAOs, the Bamar PDF groups are characterized as local cells acting autonomously towards simple and directed towards the 2021 coup. In the 2021-2022 dry season, the PDFs began to work more closely together and coordinate towards larger goals.[120] In early 2022, resistance forces were fighting in Monywa, the capital of Sagaing Region.[121] Resistance attacks on the junta saw the junta retaliate on civilians[122] Targeted personnel attacks increased, killing various junta personnel and destroying equipment.[123] The PDF also suffered losses, with 12 fighters killed in a battle in Khin-U Township.[124] Many cities saw violent clashes during 2022's Union Day.[125] Mandalay also saw fighting, with casualties on both sides.[126]
Northern Myanmar[edit]
Throughout the 2021-2022 dry season, various groups in Northern Myanmar carried out ambushes against military outposts and convoys. The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the PDF attacked convoys in Mohnyin[127] and Hpakant townships.[128] In October, they also partially shut down gold mining operations run by junta allies.[129] After an ambush near Shwegu, the Tatmadaw responded with airstrikes and ground attacks against KIA bases in Hpakant and Mohnyin Townships.[130] In early February, the KIA assaulted several military bases in Kachin and Shan States, reportedly burning one in Hpakant Township down. The junta responded by increasing airstrikes and send reinforcements to the area.[131]
The Chinland Defense Force (CDF) and the Chin National Army (CNA) raided and ambushed outposts and convoys in Matupi[132] and Mindat Townships.[133] In December, the Tatmadaw recaptured the town of Thantlang from the CDF in an offensive that destroyed over a quarter of the town's buildings.[134]
On 14 January, 2022, units of the CNA moved into Senam village, south of Tamu, in neighboring Sagaing Region to attack a base run by the Indian-based People's Liberation Army of Manipur. After several hours of fighting, between 10-20 Manipuri rebels and 1 CNA fighter were killed.[135]
Yangon and other regions[edit]
During this time, there were several cases of guerilla warfare across Myanmar utilizing homemade explosives, including several accidents killing resistance fighters. On 17 June 2021, an army vehicle exploded in Tamwe Township, Yangon, allegedly killing several military personnel.[136] On 14 December, Tatmadaw troops captured 12 suspected resistance fighters after several bombs accidentally exploded in Hlaing Thar Yar Township, Yangon.[137] Urban warfare became less practical, so resistance forces began targeting junta-aligned officials. According to junta-aligned sources, 367 junta-appointed officials were assassinated in targeted attacks between February 2021 and February 2022.[138] Resistance forces also began targeting the homes of junta pilots in Yangon in response to airstrikes on civilians.[139]
Fighting also occurred in other Bamar-majority regions. On 31 January 2022, at least 36 junta soldiers were reportedly killed in ambushes over three days in Magwe, Sagaing and Tanintharyi regions and Chin, Shan and Kayah states.[140]
2022 monsoon decrease in intensity[edit]
The intensity of fighting decreased during the monsoon season.[97] Resistance forces were advantaged by the rainfall as the junta could not carry out air strikes as easily.[141] In June, resistance groups achieved control of 40–50% of the country. Arakan Army claimed to administer most of Rakhine State with an independent government. Chin National Front and CDF made plans to establish a new government. The KIA and the Wa State, a neutral de facto independent region of Myanmar, consolidated expanded territories.[142] However, the Myanmar Army retained tight control of almost every city in Myanmar and most of the country's natural resources, including important jade mines.[143] During this time, the PDF were also unable to move beyond rural guerilla tactics. Duwa Lashi La, acting president of the NUG, cited the lack of weaponry and international support as reasons for the prolonged conflict.[62]
On 31 May 2022, a bombing killed one person and injured nine others near the Sule Pagoda in Yangon, the largest city in Myanmar. State media accused the People's Defence Force of being responsible for the attack, which the PDF denied.[144] A July clash in Pekon Township, Shan State also killed around 40 junta soldiers and 11 PDF fighters.[145]
Massacres and executions[edit]
The military deployed its time-tested counterinsurgency methods in what has been called a "hammer approach" of bombing and burning villages and massacring civilians to flush out rebel groups. However, the approach was ineffective because they were unable to consolidate power or deter the resistance.[62]
Myanmar military forces executed at least 37 villagers in the Mon Taing Pin massacre in May 2022 after shelling the village of Mondaingbin, Sagaing Region with heavy artillery.[146] The junta forces entered the local Buddhist monastery, conscripted young male villagers briefly before executing them and other captives by a stupa.[147]
On 23 July 2022, the State Administration Council announced that it had executed four political prisoners, including Zayar Thaw and Kyaw Min Yu, which was the first use of capital punishment in Myanmar since the late 1980s.[148] The men had been accused of helping the resistance movement.[149] The event was widely seen as a provocation to escalate the ongoing conflict by the Tatmadaw.[150] The international community, including United Nations Secretary-General, the G7 nations and the European Union strongly condemned the executions.[151][149]
According to a special report from Radio Free Asia, junta soldiers following a raid in Kachin state’s Se Zin village in August 2022, set fire to more than 400 homes with at least 15 people killed on the spot, detained some 400 people in and around Se Zin, and about 100 of them have been killed (including extrajudicial massacre) by security forces between August 2022 and January 2023 while others died due to horrific prison conditions.[152]
On 16 September 2022, the Burmese military killed 11 children and wounded another 17 in the Let Yet Kone massacre, as part of an airborne strike conducted against a school in Let Yet Kone, Sagaing Region.[153] The military claimed that the village was harbouring resistance fighters from the KIA and PDF.[154] The attack was widely condemned by the international community, including the United Nations and European Union.[155][156]
Later in September 2022, retired Brigadier General Ohn Thwin, mentor to State Administration Council vice-chairman Senior General Soe Win, was assassinated by anti-regime guerilla groups in Yangon. This assassination caused an increase in security on high-ranking junta personnel.[157]
Breakdown of Arakan ceasefire, monsoon 2022[edit]
In early 2022, the Arakan Army and the junta clashed again in northern Rakhine State. On 8 February, Arakan Army and junta forces clashed on at least two occasions in Maungdaw in Rakhine State. Fighting broke out on 4 February when junta troops carried out a sneak attack on an AA outpost near the Letpan Mountains northeast of Mee Taik Village, killing an AA sentry, according to AA spokesman Khaing Thukha. Three hours of clashes were also reported on 6 February. The clashes raised fears of a breakdown of the informal ceasefire between the AA and the military which had been in place since November 2020.[158] Further clashes in northern Maungdaw on the night of 7 February killed two civilians.[159] Several junta troops, including a major, were also killed in the attack.[160]
Between June and August 2022, the informal ceasefire reached in late 2020 between the Arakan Army (AA) and the junta broke down. The AA had consolidated control during this period, avoided the initial violence of the war, and introduced many public services and local administrators in northern Rakhine state. With the military's attention diverted to the increasing resistance elsewhere and increasing popular support for an alliance with the NUG, the AA sought to expand its influence into southern Rakhine.[161] Rhetoric from AA leader Twan Mrat Naing in June grew more provocative with military spokespeople stating that the AA was inviting conflict.[162] Armed clashes resumed in July after the junta launched an airstrike against an AA base in Kayin State, killing 6 AA soldiers. AA retaliated in Maungdaw Township and western Chin State in late July and early August. By late August, land travel to northern Rakhine required passing a series of checkpoints and all public transport ships ceased operation due to river and land blockades.[163]
On 16 August 2022, two mortar shells fired by the Myanmar Army landed in a Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh, killing one man and injuring five others. Myanmar Army helicopters allegedly entered Bangladeshi air space to attack the Arakan Army and fired a shell within Bangladeshi air space. Two days later, Bangladesh summoned Myanmar ambassador Aung Kyaw Moe to strongly protest the land and airspace violations.[164][165] In October 2022, Bangladeshi Foreign Minister AK Abdul Momen made a statement that border bombings by Myanmar stopped after he met with the Chinese ambassador to Bangladesh, Li Jiming.[166]
Escalation of the civil war[edit]
Increased resistance efforts[edit]
In mid-October 2022, NUG issued a statement calling for the victory of the Spring Revolution by the end of 2023. This call to action was followed by increased fighting by the resistance forces in urban areas and in Southeastern Myanmar.[167] This development took place in the wake of the junta torching at least 20 villages in the Sagaing and Magway Regions as part of a "four cuts" strategy of attacking civilians to weaken anti-regime movements. According to Sagaing-based resistance spokespeople, many victims of arson then joined the resistance.[168] The urgency of the resistance was likely prompted by the looming elections planned by the State Administration Council.[167] The fragmentated nature of the grassroots elements of the PDF became more organized in 2022 through the command of the NUG and from cooperation with various EAOs- especially the Kachin Independence Army (KIA).[12]
The Karenni Nationalities Defense Force (KNDF) claimed in January 2023 that 1,692 regime troops and 211 resistance fighters were killed since the 2021 coup, 293 civilians had been killed by the regime, and 126 displaced civilians died while fleeing their homes in Kayah and Shan states in 2022.[169]
Highland attacks[edit]
_-_panoramio_(2).jpg)
The Karen National Liberation Army stepped up fighting, besieging the major town of Kawkareik on the Thai border in the 21 October 2022 Battle of Kawkareik.[167] The battle began with surprise attacks on the Asia Highway and at government offices within the town. Resistance forces looked poised to take the town, but ultimately withdrew two days later after facing junta air strikes and strategically drawing junta troops away from nearby positions.[170][171] Four days later, undeterred KNLA-led forces seized a junta Light Infantry Battalion base in Kyain Seikgyi Township.[172]
In Shan State, clashes between PDF forces near Inle Lake and the Pa-O National Organisation (PNO) broke out after the PNO coerced villages for speedboats and militia recruits.[173]
_-_panoramio_(23).jpg)
In late 2022, Chin State resistance forces used drones in a week-long siege of an outpost in Falam Township, killing 74% of the junta forces stationed, but failing to take the outpost against aerial bombardments.[174] In February 2023, CNA captured Thantlang police station and took control of the town.[175] In Kachin State, the Shanni Nationalities Army (SNA) became more actively allied with the junta as conflict between SNA and the KIA grew. In August, the SNA and the Myanmar Army set fire to hundreds of homes in Kachin state forcing KIA withdrawal from the area.[176]
Chin forces also targeted convoys on roads within the state. In March 2023, combined Chin resistance consisting of CNA, CNDF, and CDFs conducted multiple ambushes on a regime convoy between Kalay, Falam and Hakha capturing and destroyed multiple armoured vehicles.[177] The NUG awarded the combined Chin forces 400 million kyat for seizing two armoured vehicles.[178] The following day, the groups attacked another junta convoy carrying 80 troops on the road between Matupi and Paletwa, killing over 30 junta soldiers.[179] In April, CNDF attacked a junta base on the Kalay-Falam road near Varr, Falam Township, killing eleven regime soldiers and capturing fourteen.[180]
Lowland attacks[edit]
In November 2022, resistance in Bago Region increased. In Monyo Township, western Bago Region, the PDF attacked a police building using cluster bombs.[181] In eastern Bago, 15 junta soldiers were killed in a Bago PDF raid on a police station in Yedashe Township.[182] Thousands of civilians also fled Shwegyin Township as joint KNLA and NUG-led resistance forces seized three military outposts.[183]
_-_panoramio_(35).jpg)
In early December, a video of PDF forces beating and shooting a woman dead emerged on social media. The NUG Ministry of Defence said that the incident happened in June in Tamu, Sagaing and that they were investigating the incident after detaining the perpetrators involved.[184]
In early January 2023, PDF groups in Kani Township, Sagaing Region attacked junta supply ships, killing at least 25 soldiers. The junta increasingly used waterways for supplies, avoiding roadways in resistance-held areas.[185] In April 2023, a combined PDF force from nearby townships seized the Tower Taing hill base Kani Township, killing 30 junta soldiers and seizing weapons.[186][187]
In early 2023, the Mandalay PDF announced their intentions to ramp up military operations.[188] Alongside the TNLA, they engaged in a series of intense clashes with the junta forces in Nawnghkio Township near the Shan-Mandalay border, killing at least 75 junta soldiers and wounding 60 others.[189] A combined force of at least 900 junta and pro-junta militia troops attacked resistance positions with the help of artillery attacks and airstrikes during the clashes but were forced to retreat.[190]
Urban attacks[edit]
In 2023, the number of attacks in urban areas increased. In March 2023, the urban guerilla group Urban Owls assassinated Minn Tayzar Nyunt Tin, a legal and money-laundering aide to the junta with links to former Air Force commander General Myat Hein, in Thanlyin, Yangon. Minn Tayzar Nyunt Tin helped draft the repressive Cyber Security Law, which was seen as violating digital rights, privacy and freedom of expression.[191]
Junta retaliation and atrocities[edit]
In October 2022, battles and skirmishes increased, as the junta committed several civilian atrocities. On 21 October, junta forces decapitated Saw Tun Moe, a high school teacher from Thit Nyi Naung, and impaled his head on a NUG-administered school's spiked gate after burning and looting Taung Myint village in Magway Region.[192]
_-_panoramio_(9).jpg)
Two days later, on 23 October, over 80 people were killed by an airstrike in Hpakant Township, Northern Myanmar, during an anniversary celebration for the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO). At least 80 civilians were killed, making it the single deadliest attack on civilians since the start of the renewed civil war.[193] The junta denied civilian casualties while the United Nations condemned the attack.[194]
In November 2022, the junta continued burning villages in Sagaing Region, including the home village of Cardinal Charles Maung Bo, the head of the Catholic Church in Myanmar.[195] Junta soldiers also hid in civilian trucks impersonating workers to ambush local defence forces in Shwebo Township.[196]
On 2 February 2023, Min Aung Hlaing imposed martial law in 37 townships with resistance activity, affecting millions of residents.[197]
Scorched earth tactics[edit]
In November 2022, the dry season allowed the greater use of the Myanmar Air Force to weaken resistance forces' ability to maintain strategic positions and outposts. Aerial bombardment, helicopter raids and artillery strikes typically followed skirmishes once junta ground forces sustained substantial losses and retreated. Once the entrapped forces were relieved by aerial support, they would engage in scorched earth tactics. World War Two veterans described the destruction as worse than that of the Burma campaign of World War II due to the deliberate targeting of civilian villages.[198] The heavy use of air forces came alongside a decrease in junta's ability to fight on the ground. During the week of 21 November, repeated junta air attacks along the Sagaing-Kachin border killed 80 and disrupted supply chains between the two resistance regions.[199] The junta's scorched earth campaign stretched across northern Myanmar, burning bases and villages they could no longer defend.[200] Thousands of residents fled during the campaign as hundreds of homes were destroyed.[201] In early 2023, one scorched earth push by the junta aimed to resecure the Letpadaung Copper Mine in Salingyi Township for Chinese foreign workers planning to leave for their holidays.[202]
On 23 February 2023, army troops launched a new military offensive in Sagaing, raiding and pillaging villages at the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Mu Rivers. During the offensive, troops from the 99th Light Infantry Division executed at least 17 villagers during the Tar Taing massacre.[203]
Temporary stalemate[edit]
November 2022 Arakan ceasefire and subsequent new fronts[edit]
_-_panoramio.jpg)
On 26 November 2022, the Arakan Army and the junta agreed to a temporary ceasefire starting on 27 November. The ceasefire was brokered by Yōhei Sasakawa of the Nippon Foundation. Arakan Army spokespeople maintained that they agreed to the ceasefire for humanitarian reasons, as opposed to international pressure. The Arakan Army did not withdraw from fortifications held at the time of the ceasefire.[204] Junta spokespeople said that this was the first step towards a permanent ceasefire with the Arakan Army.[205] As of mid-December, tensions remained high with forces from both sides remaining in deployment within northern Rakhine State.[206]
On 30 November, the military launched a major assault on the Kokang Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army using heavy weapons on a base near Chinshwehaw by the Chinese border. This assault continued into 2 December, reportedly sending 500 junta soldiers.[207]
The military continued its campaign in northern Shan State against the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA). On 7 December 2022, the junta launched a ground offensive on the TNLA in the Battle of Namhsan using aerial bombs.[208] After six days of fighting, the TNLA captured four villages from junta control, killing 70 soldiers and capturing 28. On 17 December, the junta retreated, claiming that they reached an agreement with TNLA, and that they intended to target the PDF forces and attacked the TNLA in mistake. The TNLA rejected the statement.[209] Continued clashes in late December forced over a thousand civilians to flee to Mogok.[210]
2023 guerrilla attacks[edit]
According to analysts in early 2023, the civil war was in a state of stalemate. Despite several successful engagements, there was still a significant disparity in power between the joint resistance forces and the junta. The PDF and EAOs faced resource constraints as they primarily relied on donations for funding and underground channels to acquire arms.[12] The resistance also increasingly used coordinated drone attacks, such as on 27 August 2023, when 11 resistance groups jointly conducted drone strikes in Sagaing Township, killing 17 soldiers.[211] Moreover, earlier on 31 January and 1 February 2023, a joint force led by Karen National Defence Organisation conducted a drone that killed two military commanders; Captain Zaw Win Naing of 32nd Infantry Division and Captain Wai Lin Soe of 585th Light Infantry Division in Htee Ka Pa Lel village, south of Myawaddy town.[212]
In early June 2023, NUG announced the formation of the PDF's first battalion in Yangon Region – Battalion 5101.[213] On 19 June 2023, the Urban Owls guerilla group assassinated Ye Khaing, the operations director and head of security of Yangon International Airport, and a former air force major, outside his house at Mingaladon Township, Yangon. Ye Khaing was allegedly providing information to the junta and detaining anti-junta activists at Myanmar's primary international airport.[214] Urban Owls also claimed that Ye Khaing was a confidante of Steven Law, the owner of Asia World Company, which operates the airport, and is a major supporter of the regime together with the second-in-command, Senior General Soe Win.[215]
In late June 2023, a combined resistance force of PDF and KNLA took control of the National Highway 8 in Mon State, installing checkpoints and arresting junta personnel.[216] Also in June, the Ye Township-based resistance group Ye Belu launched successive guerrilla attacks on the junta in June 2023. On 22 June, they attacked a junta security checkpoint at Chaung Taung bridge, killing four soldiers and one official working for the junta's Ministry of Immigration and Population in Lamaing.[217] On 26 June, the group assassinated a Pyusawhti militia leader in Duya, Ye Township.[218] Two days later, they ambushed an army convoy from the junta's No. 19 Military Operations Command, killing five soldiers and injuring others.[219] The attacks caused a breakdown in junta administration in Ye Township. All administration offices in three towns - namely, Lamaing, Khawzar and Ye - closed down.[220]
On 10 August 2023, junta forces clashed with a coalition of several rebel groups at Thandaung, near Nay Pyi Taw. The rebel forces aimed to capture the 606th Light Infantry Division Headquarters.[221] On 15 September 2023, members of the Northern Thandaung Defence Force, along with the Lethal Prop drone unit, attacked the Aye Lar military base near the Nay Pyi Taw International Airport with 2 makeshift bombs. It was the first documented drone attack by resistance forces against an airbase.[222]
On 31 August and 9 September, the Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) raided 2 Chinland Defense Force (CDF) outposts in Tonzang Township, killing 2 CDF soldiers. These attacks were not the first between the ZRA and Chin resistance[o], which have been clashing since 2021, and came despite the ZRA issuing a public statement of support for anti-junta resistance in 2021.[223]
2023 monsoon offensives[edit]
In August 2023, the NUG claimed that 3,012 junta troops were killed between January and July 2023.[224] In Kayah state alone, 667 military junta troops and 99 resistance members were killed.[225] In a September interview, Duwa Lashi La claimed that resistance forces had taken effective control of about 60% of Myanmar's territory.[226]
In early June 2023, a coalition force of KNLA and other resistance forces ambushed junta forces at Don Tha Mi bridge checkpoints on the border of Karen and Mon States, inflicting heavy casualties.[227] The next day, resistance groups raided the police station and junta offices in Kyain Seikgyi Township, Karen State, killing 10 junta soldiers and injuring 15. The junta retaliated with artillery fire and deployed attack helicopters, killing two local civilians and a monk.[227]
In Kayah State on 13 June 2023, the Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF), who had previously been in a ceasefire with the junta and became a Border Guard Force in 2009, openly defected to anti-junta forces. The KNPLF began attacking Burmese military positions, joining forces with KA, KNDF, KNLA, and PDF,[228] and seizing junta outposts in the Battle of Mese. The combined forces took over Mese Township in Eastern Kayah State.[229] 430 soldiers of the Light Infantry Battalion, including their lieutenant colonel commander, surrendered to the resistance.[230] Later in July, KNLA forces and allies captured the Lat Khat Taung hill junta base. During an attempt to recapture the hill, 20 junta soldiers were killed and 34 wounded.[231]
From July to September 2023, the Ta'ang National Liberation Army and the Mandalay People's Defence Force jointly conducted Operation Kanaung against junta forces in the Mandalay Region. Over that period, 76 junta soldiers were killed, 19 were wounded, and a large amount of weapons and ammunition were seized.[232][233]
Operation 1027 and concurrent offensives[edit]
Operation 1027[edit]
On 27 October 2023, the Three Brotherhood Alliance initiated an offensive they called Operation 1027, targeting the junta's checkpoints and bases near Lashio and the Phaung Seik border trade post near Chinshwehaw.[234] Chinshwehaw fell into ethnic armies' hands. Lashio Airport and two important China-Myanmar border crossings near Laukkai were closed.[235][236] Over the next three days, the coalition forces captured 57 bases to which the junta responded with aerial bombardments.[237] Simultaneously, the AA engaged junta forces in Htigyaing Township, Sagaing Region.[238]
On 30 October, Nawnghkio fell under limited TNLA and Mandalay PDF control[239] and 41 junta combatants in Kunlong surrendered to the MNDAA.[240] The next day, combined AA and KIA forces captured Gangdau Yang base on the Myitkyina-Bhamo road.[241] A junta convoy came the next day to reinforce Nawnghkio but TNLA and PDF forces blew up an armored car, took weapons and POWs. The convoy retreated and established a camp in southwest Nawnghkio Township, which was assaulted by the rebel forces the following morning.[242] The junta acknowledged having lost control of three towns in Northern Shan State, including Pang Hseng.[243] TNLA, MNDAA, and AA declared control over four towns, including Hsenwi.[244]
On 6 November, TNLA forces seized bridges and road gates near Namhkam, Shan State, and took the town after a three-day assault.[245] Kawlin also fell to the coalition, marking the first district-level capital seized during the operation.[41] Over the next three days, the coalition took Khampat, Kunlong and Monekoe across northern Myanmar, re-establishing local government functions after securing towns.[246][247][248] They also took Panlong base in Kunlong Township, killing Brigadier General Aung Kyaw Lwin in the battle,[249] and the strategic Goktwin bridge near the Goteik viaduct on the main Mandalay-China highway.[250]
On 17 November, the TNLA captured the Sakhan Thit Kone base in Namhkam Township, but lost it to a junta offensive the following day. The TNLA accused the junta of using chemical weapon bombs during the counter-siege.[251] Through December, the TNLA seized Namhsan and Mantong taking over the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone from junta control.[252][253]
On 29 November, the Shan State Progress Party (SSPP) and the Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) declared a truce in response to the Operation, with the SSPP stating that the 2 armies "[intended] to unite as one in the future."[254]
In early December, the Tatmadaw allegedly reached out to China for it to assert pressure on the Three Brotherhood Alliance to stop Operation 1027.[255] On 11 December, China helped to hold peace talks between the Tatmadaw and various rebel groups, including the Brotherhood Alliance.[256] The Brotherhood Alliance announced later on 13 December that these peace talks "lasted only 10 minutes" and vowed to continue fighting.[257]
In late January 2024, BBC News said that the "bloody two-year stalemate" of the civil war appears to "have been broken" with the success of the offense of the three ethnic armies in the Operation 1027 offense.[42]
Battle of Laukkai[edit]
In late November and December, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) closed in on Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. They seized several strategic positions from junta forces during the ensuing Battle of Laukkai.[258] MNDAA forces attacked junta bases around the city in early December, including the Four Buddhist Statues Hill outpost immediately south of Laukkai.[259] On 26 December, over 90 of the junta's 55th Light Infantry Division surrendered to the MNDAA.[260] The artillery shelling of Laukkai stopped and the city mostly fell under MNDAA control on 28 December.[261] On 5 January 2024, the MNDAA seized control of the Northeast Command's headquarters in Laukkai and gained full control of the city.[14]
A few days later, the Three Brotherhood Alliance claimed it had captured the towns of Kutkai and Theinni on 8 January after seizing junta military posts in the towns, including the headquarters of the 16th Military Operations Command in Theinni.[262] On 23 January, the Tatmadaw sentenced three of the brigadier generals who surrendered at Laukkai to death and the other three to life imprisonment, under military law.[263]
In the wake of these gains and the fall of Laukkai, on 12 January, China announced that it had negotiated another ceasefire between the junta and the Three Brotherhood Alliance. The two sides agreed to disengage personnel and pledged not to compromise the safety of Chinese border residents.[264] According to the Brotherhood Alliance, they had agreed not to seize more towns in northern Shan and that the junta had agreed not to shell or strike that area.[265] However, the following day, the TNLA reported that the junta had broken their ceasefire agreement with airstrikes in various townships in Northern Shan, including Lashio Township and Kyaukme Township.[266]
Concurrent operations[edit]
Operation 1027 was supported by several concurrent operations by other anti-junta groups elsewhere in the country, including in the eastern regions Shan State and Kayah State. In northern Shan State, the KNLA and PDF clashed with the Tatmadaw around the town of Kawkareik in late October 2023.[267] In Mese Township (part of Kayah State), the KNPLF, KA and KNDF launched a joint military operation called Operation 1107 that captured several border posts starting on November 7.[268][269] Four days later, they launched the major Operation 1111 against Loikaw, the capital of Kayah State.[270] The military operations in Kayah displaced tens of thousands of civilians, especially from Loikaw.[271] After over a month of heavy fighting, rebel forces had won control of 85% of the capital.[272] Nonetheless, fighting has continued into January.[273]
Other anti-junta forces launched Operation Taungthaman in Madaya Township, Mandalay Region. On 13 November, fighting erupted in Kinn Village, eastern Madaya Township between the TNLA and the junta, who responded with air and artillery strikes and later burning the village down.[274] By 28 November, PDF and TNLA forces captured a junta base in the township.[275] The TNLA additionally supported the operations with attacks in Nawnghkio and Kyaukme Townships in southern Shan State to cut off junta reinforcements.[276]
Resumption of war in Rakhine[edit]
On the morning of 13 November 2023, the Arakan Army (AA) attacked two Border Guard Police stations in Rathedaung Township, breaking the Rakhine State Ceasefire Agreement between the junta and the Arakan Army. Dong Paik camp was captured by 6:30 am.[40] On 14 November, the junta had already abandoned around 40 outposts in Rakhine state after attacks by the Arakan Army, but few came under their immediate control.[277] Dozens of Myanmar security officers surrendered to the Arakan Army the following day.[278]
The following night, the Arakan Army launched an attack on Pauktaw, seizing the township police station. By the next morning, the Arakan Army had taken control of the town. The junta sent two helicopter gunships alongside naval support to fire back, including at civilian housing, with heavy machine gun fire. Pauktaw's proximity to the Rakhine state capital, Sittwe, posed a threat to the junta.[279] Junta forces detained about 100 residents who were unable to flee, and positioned themselves to surround the town, using two navy ships to blockade the harbour.[280]
Chin offensive[edit]
On the morning of 13 November 2023, after two days of fighting, the Chin National Army (CNA), along with local Chinland Defense Force (CDF) units, captured the town of Rikhawdar on the India–Myanmar border.[281] This marked the first town captured by resistance forces in Chin State since the start of armed resistance following the coup. At least 40 junta soldiers and police officers fled to the neighboring Indian state of Mizoram, where they surrendered to local police before being turned over to the Assam Rifles. They were subsequently repatriated back to Myanmar.[282]
On 14 November, the Arakan Army launched an offensive in Paletwa Township on the Chin-Rakhine border. The Arakan Army accused the Tatmadaw of using chemical weapons during the ensuing battles.[283] On 6 December, the Arakan Army announced that they had captured a major military base in the township.[284]
On 15 November 2023, the Chin National Defence Force (CNDF), the armed wing of the Chin National Organization (CNO), a Chin nationalist political organization, captured a Myanmar Military camp at Tibual village near the border with Mizoram, India. This action led to 29 Myanmar soldiers fleeing towards the neighboring Indian state of Mizoram.[285]
On 21 November, local Zoland PDF units seized a military base on Kennedy Peak, the second highest mountain in Chin State.[286] Over the next week, CNA and its allies captured Lailenpi[287] and Rezua in Matupi Township.[288]
On 6 December 2023, the Chin National Front ratified the Chinland Constitution, proclaiming the state of Chinland.[289]
Effect of 2023 offensives on Tatmadaw[edit]
The Irrawaddy reported on 22 November 2023 that the Tatmadaw was preparing 14,000 soldiers for the defence of Naypyitaw, including by moving troops from other regions to the capital and mobilizing civil servants into the military. These preparations started soon after Operation 1027 was launched against the Tatmadaw. In addition, the Tatmadaw was preparing 10,000 troops for the defence of Mandalay, Bago and Yangon. There were also fortification works beginning, with Naypyitaw police stations "also preparing concrete blocks, sandbags and other materials needed to transform into defensive bases in just a few days".[290]
Ronan Lee, a professor at Loughborough University, stated that the recent strategic reversals, nationwide territorial losses and economic decline meant momentum had strongly shifted away from Myanmar's junta, and the junta "may now be in a death spiral".[291]
Continued 2024 campaigns[edit]
Northern Shan State ceasefire violations[edit]
On 26 March, the MNDAA and the Tatmadaw clashed for the first time since the Chinese-brokered ceasefire. Junta forces attempted to invade MNDAA-controlled territory from Kone Nyaung, south-east of Lashio, clashing with the MNDAA for 45 minutes before being repelled.[292] In response, the Chinese ambassador to Myanmar met with the junta foreign minister on 28 March to discuss ending the clashes.[293]
Between 26 and 27 March, the MNDAA and the Shan State Progress Party[a] clashed in the Namsalat and Seiau Village Tracts, Hseni Township, after the MNDAA reportedly began launching drone bombs and attacks on SSPP camps.[294]
Operation 1027 in Rakhine State[edit]
On 8 January 2024, the Arakan Army continued Operation 1027 and captured the Taung Shey Taung base and its 200 junta soldiers in Kyauktaw Township, Rakhine State. They then escalated their offensive into Paletwa Township, Chin State with the aim of capturing Paletwa, a strategic town for the Indo-Myanmar Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project[295] On 15 January, the Arakan Army seized Paletwa and the entire township, declaring it a "military council-free area."[296] A week later, the Arakan Army captured the town of Pauktaw in Rakhine State concluding a three-month battle.[297]
On 17 January 2024, the Taingen camp on the Falam road to the Indian border was captured, with Chin resistance forces seizing arms and ammunition.[298] On 20 January 2024, after more than 600 junta soldiers and refugees crossed the India–Myanmar border, the Government of India announced a plan to fence the entire border.[299]
On 3 February 2024, as the clashes between Arakan Army and Tatmadaw increased in Rakhine, mortar shells and several bullets reportedly landed in Bangladesh territory, which injured some local residents. Repeated bursts of gunfire and explosions were be heard across the Bangladesh–Myanmar border from Ukhia, Cox's Bazar.[300] At least 229 Myanmar Border Guard Police (BGP) personnel entered Bangladesh through the Tumbru border point seeking refuge from AA, where the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) disarmed them and gave them shelter in Bandarban district.[301] On 5 February 2024, a Bangladeshi woman and a Rohingya man died from a mortar shell that fell on the Ghumdum border in Bandarban, reportedly fired by Myanmar.[29]
Fall of Mrauk U[edit]
The Arakan Army captured most remaining Tatmadaw bases in Minbya by 6 February, almost taking full control of the township. On the same day, the Arakan Army seized the Taung Pyo junta outpost along the border with Bangladesh in Maungdaw Township.[302] The Arakan Army captured Kyauktaw the next day and continued fighting in Mrauk U and Ramree.[303] The Tatmadaw abandoned Myebon to reinforce Kyaukphyu on 9 February, leaving ammunition behind in their rush and abandoning the southern township of Mrauk-U District.[304] The following day, AA took the town of Mrauk U completing their control over the township. During the battle, three Myanmar Navy landing craft were reportedly sunk.[13][305] In response to the seizure of the three towns, the junta blew up bridges in Kyauktaw Township and the state capital, Sittwe.[306]
On 15 February, the Arakan Army captured Myebon[307] and started intensifying their assaults on Ramree. These assaults killed around 80 junta reinforcements between 24-26 February.[308] On 28 February, the Arakan Army captured the final junta outpost in Minbya Township, taking full control of the township.[309]
Sittwe offensive[edit]
On 5 March, the Arakan Army reportedly captured the town of Ponnagyun and its surrounding township.[310] During the battle, junta warships and fighter jets shelled the town, eventually destroying the Zay Ti Pyin bridge connecting Ponnagyun to Rathedaung.[311] The Arakan Army stated that it continued assaults on Rathedaung and Buthidaung Townships. The capture of Ponnagyun is significant as it is only 33 kilometres northeast of the regional capital, Sittwe, and allows the Arakan Army to threaten the city.[312]
On 12 March, after an 85-day battle, the Arakan Army captured the town of Ramree.[313] In Maungdaw Township, AA also captured a border outpost forcing 179 junta soldiers to flee into neighboring Bangladesh.[314] On 17 March, the Arakan Army captured the town of Rathedaung, cutting off Sittwe from northern Rakhine State.[315]
Ann offensive[edit]
On 24 March, the Arakan Army began an offensive on Ann Township, launching attacks on Ann, the headquarters of the junta's Western Command. Concurrently, the Arakan Army launched attacks on neighboring Ngape Township in Magway Region. Ann's location is strategically important as the link between Rakhine and Magway Region via the Minbu-Ann road through the Arakan Mountains and as a gateway preventing AA from attacking southern Rakhine State.[316] On 27 March, Arakan Army forces seized the camp near Ge Laung and Lone Kauk villages of Ann Township.[317]
On 2 April, the Arakan Army announced it had captured a portion of the Ann-Minbu Highway, cutting off Ann from neighboring Padein.[318]
Rohingya combatants[edit]
Between 4 February and 6 February, the Arakan Army (AA) launched attacks on Rakhine Border Guard Police (BGP) outposts in Maungdaw Township. The Arakan Army later alleged that the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army and Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO) fought alongside the Rakhine BGP, allegations they gave no evidence towards.[319][320] On 6 February the Arakan Army and the RSO cooperated on a joint assault against the Arakan Rohingya Army, who had captured a BGP camp along the Bangladesh-Myanmar border.[321] 2 days later, the RSO denounced AA's accusations and the AA labeling them as "Bengalis" among other issues.[320]
In late February, despite the conscription law only applying to citizens, the military junta conscripted displaced Rohingyas living in Kyaukphyu, who had historically been denied citizenship. On 6 March, in response to this junta recruitment, the AA urged Rohingya people to flee into AA-controlled areas.[322] According to an ex-UN official, the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) had allegedly been training Rohingya's for the junta in Buthidaung.[323] Nay San Lwin of the Free Rohingya Coalition stated that at least 1,000 people from the Rohingya community being taken by the military from Buthidaung, Sittwe and Kyaukphyu, and dozens have been killed while being used as human shields in Rathedaung township.[324]
New combatants in Shan State[edit]
On 20 January 2024, the Tatamadaw and the Pa-O National Army (PNA) attempted to confiscate the Pa-O National Liberation Army (PNLA)'s weapons.[325] A few days later, firefight broke out in Hopong Township. PNLA retaliated with KNDF and local PDF forces and attacked the town of Hsi Hseng, Shan State eventually capturing it on 26 January 2024.[326] On the same day, the PNLA's political wing formally revoked their participation in the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, pledged to help the NUG replace the Junta with a federal system and implored the PNA's political wing to switch sides under the promise that they will not be attacked.[3] On 22 February, clashes broke out east of Hopong after junta/PNA forces attacked PNLA forces. After several hours, junta forces were forced to retreat.[327] The next day, clashes were reported at the Htam Sam cave, along the Taunggyi-Loilem road.[328] Between 21 January and 24 February, junta shelling killed 40 civilians in the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, according to the Pa-O Youth Organization.[329] On 3 March, junta soldiers based in neighboring Hsaik Hkawng and Bang Yin attacked Hsi Hseng, entering the city.[330] On 8 March, the PNLA accused the junta of using chemical bombs to attack Hsi Hseng in violation of international agreements.[331]
On 20 February 2024, the Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP) announced that it and its armed forces, the Shan State Army – North,[a] will join forces with the anti-junta resistance forces, shifting from its formerly neutral stance towards the military coup.[332] Three days later, SSPP and allied forces captured a military base between Hopong and Mong Pan.[333][dubious ] On 23 February, the SSPP joined the Pa-O National Liberation Army in an offensive around Mongpawn against the Pa-O National Army and junta forces.[328]
Kachin State[edit]
While the KIA is very close military and political partners with the Three Brotherhood Alliance, being part of the Northern Alliance, it was not affected by the Chinese-brokered ceasefire. Combined forces of the KIA, ABSDF, and Kachin PDF (KPDF) captured the town of Mongmit on 19 January and neighboring Mabein on the 20th. The next day, 21 February, the KIA captured the strategically significant Man Wein Gyi base, on the route from Ruili, China, to Namkham.[334] 3 days later, the KIA captured Nam Hpat Kar village after a month of fighting. On 25 January, Mongmit was recaptured by junta forces. Starting in late January, the KIA began intensifying attacks on Hpakant Township.[335] On 20 January, the KIA captured a military camp southwest of Hpakant.[336] On 2 February, the KIA and KPDF captured the Namtein outpost, threatening the road connecting Hpakant to the regional capital, Myitkyina.[337] Also on that day, Kachin forces captured Ba Laung Dein Sar, Mansi Township. On 16 February, the KIA began attacking the Si Kham Gyi base, which has continually been held by the junta for 30 years. It was captured 4 days later.[334] After 3 days of attacks, the KIA captured three hilltop bases in Mansi Township on 4 March.[338]
On 7 March, the KIA simultaneously launched attacks on over ten junta outposts in eastern Kachin. Fighting primarily took place along the highway between Bhamo and the Kachin State capital, Myitkyina, as well as around Laiza. The attacks are reportedly the beginning of a wider offensive in Kachin State, which some has called "Operation 0307" (after the day it began).[339] Over 8 March, the KIA seized three major junta bases and several outposts, including Hpyun Pyen Bum, a junta's closest forward base to Laiza.[340] The KIA and AA continued defending their headquarters and they allege that junta airstrikes had landed on the Chinese side of the border, east of Laiza.[341] During the fighting, a Lisu junta-aligned Lisu National Development Party militia leader was killed in Aung Myay Thit village.[19] By 22 March, the KIA claimed to have captured over 50 military outposts and 13 strategically significant junta bases around the Myitkyina-Bhamo Road, including: all outposts surrounding Laiza, battalion headquarters in five townships, and camps near the KIA's old headquarters of Pajau.[342]
On 28 March, KIA seized two junta bases in Yaw Yone and Nga Gayan near Lweje on the Chinese border in Momauk Township.[343] By 1 April, the KIA had captured the entirety of the Bhamo-Lweje road.[344]
Southeastern Myanmar[edit]
Karen areas[edit]
After Operation 1027 and the Battle of Kawkareik in October, the KNLA continued to make gains throughout Karen State, Mon State, Bago Region, and Tanintharyi Region.[345] On 29 January 2024, KNLA and PDF forces shot down a Tatmadaw Eurocopter AS365 as it was landing, killing Brigadier General Aye Min Naung of the 44th Light Infantry Division and four others.[346] On 27 February, local PDF and KNLA forces claimed to have captured most of Myitta, Tanintharyi Region, 30 miles east of the region's capital Dawei.[347] This came four days after an ambush killing 18 junta soldiers and capturing five vehicles, the deadliest attack on junta forces in Tanintharyi since 2021.[348] By 29 February, KNLA and alligned Karen forces had captured half of Kawkareik township, having fire control over the now closed Myawaddy-Kawkareik highway.[349] On 9 March, the KNLA captured the town of Thingannyinaung, on the Myawddy-Kawkareik highway.[350] On 13 March, the KNLA captured the Hpu Lu Gyi camp, south of Myawaddy, after a "five minute fight". This camp holds both strategic and moral significance as it acted as a staging point for attacks on Manerplaw and Kawmoora after the junta captured it in 1990.[351] On 19 March, the first reported clash in KNLA 7th Brigade controlled territory since the coup occurred near Methawaw after junta soldiers invaded the area under the pretext of repairing a road. Junta forces were forced to retreat.[352] On 20 March, the KNLA and allies began to besiege the town of Papun, the capital of Hpapun District. Eight days later, the town was captured, with fighting moving to the hills outside the town.[15] On 31 March, the KNLA and the Ba Htoo Army ambushed junta reinforcements in Dawei Township, Tanintharyi Region, killing and injuring up to 40 soldiers.[344]
Tensions rose between the junta and the Karen State Border Guard Force (BGF) as the Karen BGF refused orders from the junta to engage in battle. On 23 January, deputy commander-in-chief Soe Win visited Hpa-An to meet with Karen BGF leader Colonel Saw Chit Thu after the latter refused to come to the capital Naypyidaw and meet the junta.[353] The Karen BGF announced they would no longer accept salaries from the junta, and would remain "neutral" in the conflict. Later, on 6 March, the Karen BGF announced it would rename itself to the "Karen National Army" later in the month.[354]
Mon and Karenni resistance[edit]
After Operation 1027, Karenni resistance continued with Operation 1107 and Operation 1111 to capture Kayah State and its capital Loikaw. On 7 January, joint Karenni forces launched an offensive to capture Pekon in neighboring Shan State, capturing most of the town and township by 12 January.[273] On 29 January, the Karenni Nationalities Defense Force (KNDF) captured the town of Mawchi.[355] On 14 February, combined forces of the Karenni Army (KA) and KNDF captured the town of Shadaw after almost a month-long battle. This capture made Shadaw Township the second Kayah township completely captured by Karenni forces, after Mese.[356] By 5 March, Karenni forces captured the Hpasawng Bridge. After this capture, junta jets attacked a monastery in the town, killing five and wounding 20 internally displaced people (IDP).[357] Later, on 14 March, Karenni forces captured the rest of Hpasawng and most of Hpasawng Township.[358] In a joint statement on 23 March, the KNDF and allies announced that they were in control of nearly 90% of Kayah State. They further stated that they had captured 65 junta positions throughout the state, and six out of nine towns in Kayah[p] (excluding Moebye in Southern Shan State).[359]
On 20 January, local resistance forces in Ye Township began intensifying attacks around the township, announcing their intent to capture Ye.[360] On 14 February 2024, a splinter group of the Mon National Liberation Army (a signatory of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement) going by the name "Mon National Liberation Army (Anti-Military Junta)" announced that they will no longer negotiate with the junta and will join hands with other revolutionary forces in Mon State, effectively declaring war on the junta.[361] The MNLAaMJ and its political wing, the New Mon State Party (Anti-Dictatorship),[362] made up of senior MNLA officials, stated that they had broke away due to junta attacks on Mon areas and would only be active in areas the MNLA was not.[363] On 25 February, the spokesman for the NMSP-AD declared the groups intention to unite with local resistance forces.[364] Near 22 March, the Mon State Revolution Force (MSRF), in cooperation with several other Mon State-based resistance groups, began vehicle inspections along the road stretching from the Malwe Mountain to Kaleinaung, prompting junta forces to close the road.[365] On 25 March, the NMSP-AD, alongside several allies such as the Mon National Army, captured the Kawt Bein Police Station in Kawkareik Township.[366] In response, junta forces shelled Kawt Bein and surrounding settlements.[367]
Junta counteroffensive in Sagaing Region[edit]
Tatmadaw forces recaptured the district capital of Kawlin on 10 February after almost 10 days of fighting.[368] After this, junta forces razed the settlement, destroying the majority of homes in Kawlin and surrounding villages.[369] On 22 February, junta forces launched an offensive to recapture the town of Maw Luu from the KIA and ABSDF.[370] The joint rebel forces had taken the key town in December 2023, blocking the Shwebo-Myitkyina road, during Operation 1027.[371] On 14 March, junta forces took the village of Kampani, Kalay Township in an campaign to resist anti-junta attacks on Kalay.[372] Despite the campaign, on 16 March resistance forces captured the Pyusawhti-dominated village of Kyaung Taik north of Kalay.[373]
While the junta launched its counteroffensives, allied resistance launched an offensive to capture Kani, capturing around 80% of the town by 7 March.[374] After almost 10 days of fighting, by 15 March, rebels were forced to give up their efforts to capture the town after overwhelming junta resistance.[375]
Central Myanmar[edit]
Natogyi PDF stated it and two other resistance groups attacked regime forces stationed at the police station and construction department office in Natogyi town, Natogyi Township, Mandalay Region on 28 March, and they attacked a junta base in the east of Natogyi town and killed and injured several regime soldiers next day.[343]
On April 4, 2024, the People's Defense Force launched an unprecedented drone attack against Aye Lar airbase, the main Tatmadaw headquarters, and Min Aung Hlaing's residence in the capital, Naypyidaw. Almost 30 drones were deployed; junta forces claimed 7 were shot down.[376][377] Myawaddy TV said 13 fixed-wing drones were shot down and there were no casualties or damage to property. NUG claimed the attack was "a success".[378]
Humanitarian impact and war crimes[edit]
The human rights situation in Myanmar has deteriorated substantially since the beginning of the civil conflict. The Burmese military has escalated its use of war crimes, including murder, sexual violence, torture, attacks on religious buildings, and the targeting of civilians.[379][380][381] The junta has also seized the properties of political opponents as part of an intimidation strategy, impacting hundreds of families.[382] BBC News reports that the pro-junta paramilitary Pyusawhti militias have been accused of more than one atrocity against civilians.[42]
Since the onset of the civil conflict, both the Burmese military and resistance forces alike have used educational facilities as bases and detention sites.[383] In 2021, over 190 violent attacks on schools were reported in 13 of Myanmar's states and regions.[383] As of June 2022, 7.8 million children remained out of school.[384]
Myanmar's public health system has effectively collapsed,[385] and the civil war has worsened the country's food security crisis, with one in four people experiencing food insecurity.[386] Poverty and food insecurity have disproportionately affected Myanmar's Dry Zone and the Irrawaddy delta regions, which account for over 80% of the country's agricultural area and are home to a third of the country's population.[387]
As of September 2022, 1.3 million people had been internally displaced, and over 13,000 children had been killed.[379][35] By March 2023, the UN estimated that since the coup, 17.6 million people in Myanmar required humanitarian assistance, while 1.6 million were internally displaced, and 55,000 civilian buildings had been destroyed.[388]
In March 2023, Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, reported that armed conflict had continued to grow. He stated that they were investigating hundreds of incidents of houses being burnt and civilians, including children, being killed. Overall, 15.2 million people faced food insecurity.[389]
In March 2024, Tom Andrews, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Myanmar, stated that 18.6 million people were in need of humanitarian aid.[390]
Economic impact[edit]
Economic conditions in Myanmar have substantially worsened due to the ongoing war and to economic mismanagement by the SAC.[391][392] In 2021, Myanmar's GDP declined by 5.9%.[393] In an interview, Christian Lechervy, the French ambassador to Myanmar, highlighted the impact of the coup on the country's economy: "In 2021, Myanmar's economic growth has contracted by more than 18%, poverty has doubled, the number of people in need of humanitarian aid has multiplied by seven and more than 450,000 people have been forced to flee their homes".[394] Between March and June 2022, almost 10,000 people per month left the country through official channels, worsening the country's brain drain and mirroring the civilian exodus that followed the 1962 and 1988 military coups.[35][395] The local job market has collapsed.[395]
In September 2022, the G7-led Financial Action Task Force announced plans to blacklist Myanmar for failing to stem money laundering and terrorist financing.[396] At that time, only Iran and North Korea were on the Financial Action Task Force blacklist.[396] In October 2022, Myanmar was blacklisted by the task force, which increased volatility in the value of the Burmese kyat.[397]
The war disrupted transport and stunted the export of agricultural goods like rice and corn, and the illegal cultivation of poppy became an economic pillar for many Burmese. Myanmar became the world’s biggest opium producer, producing about 1,080 metric tons in 2023.[398]
During the war, there has been a "mass refusal" among Myanmar's people to pay taxes and other charges to the junta, leading to a 33% drop in state revenue according to an analysis by the Special Advisory Council for Myanmar (SAC-M). According to the SAC-M, "69% of businesses reported not paying tax to the junta in the first three months of 2022". The cessation of payments of electricity bills by large portions of the population has also significantly cut off the junta's revenue sources.[399]
Hyperinflation[edit]
As of September 2022, the value of the Burmese kyat has depreciated by over 60%,[400] while basic commodity prices have increased by up to 57%.[392] The World Bank estimates Myanmar's economy will contract by another 18% in 2022.[401][needs update] Since April 2022, the country has experienced foreign currency shortages, which have acutely impacted importers, resulting in shortages of basic products like medicines and fertilisers.[402] The military regime has imposed foreign currency controls, which has worsened the shortage of US dollars among international firms operating in the country.[403] Many foreign and multinational companies, including Telenor, Ooredoo, Chevron, British American Tobacco, and Woodside Petroleum have exited the Burmese market as the conflict has intensified.[404]
At the end of July 2023, the SAC announced that it would issue a limited number of new 20,000 kyat banknotes. The announcement led to an increase in the price of gold, as well as in foreign currency exchange rates.[405] In early 2024, it was reported that the civil war had significantly increased prices of every day goods, such as rice (160–220%), fuel (520%), and palm oil (75%) from pre-war levels. Also, the US dollar to Kyat exchange rate had increased by 160%.[406] In April 2024, the price of gold was around 4.5 million kyat per kyattha (a Burmese unit of mass) compared to 1 million per kyattha in February 2021. The SAC regularly accuses goldsmiths of price manipulation when gold prices rise. An arrest of five traders and closure of seven shops, caused the price to drop in early April 2024 as traders were fearful of doing business.[407]
Interim Central Bank (ICB)[edit]
The National Unity Government of Myanmar established an Interim Central Bank (ICB) led by their Planning, Finance and Investment minister, Tin Tun Naing. The goal of establishing this bank is to contest foreign reserves and assets held by the Central Bank in Naypitaw.[408] It was also reported that the ICB seized 44 billion Kyats from other banks.[409] Radio Free Asia explained in regards to Central Banks raising funds for their government; "The NUG has acknowledged raising over $150 million since the coup" and that while "it dwarfs in comparison to the revenue of the junta, which gave itself a raise of 51 percent in FY2023 to $2.7 billion—it's not insignificant either."[410]
Under the direction of the ICB there is a newly established for-profit bank called Spring Development Bank, with an intent to establish its own cryptocurrency.[410]
Environmental impact[edit]
The deterioration in law and order in many parts of Myanmar has caused "a surge in illegal mining activities" in rural parts of the country. Environmental activists in Myanmar have accused the junta of supporting illegal mining of rare-earth elements which have "devastating and unpredictable consequences for the region’s ecosystem and inhabitants". Rivers have been contaminated, causing the destruction of local ecosystems, decreasing community access to clean water and disrupting agricultural activities of local farmers. The junta has cracked down on environmental activists who have criticized the government.[411] The conflict has also seen a significant rise in deforestation in Myanmar.[412]
Manpower and procurement[edit]
Tatmadaw and allies[edit]
According to a February 2022 U.N. Security Council report; China, Russia, India, Belarus, Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Pakistan and South Korea were selling the weapons to the junta.[413] The Karen National Union documented the use of North Korean weaponry by the junta in November 2023.[414]
Anti-junta forces have claimed that the Tatmadaw has severely struggled with recruitment and morale.[37]
On 31 January 2023, the Ministry of Home Affairs issued a directive enabling organisations and citizens deemed "loyal to the state," including civilians, civil servants, and army personnel, to obtain firearms licenses.[415] The regulatory shift has enabled the military junta to arm pro-junta Pyusawhti militias and to suppress pro-democracy forces in light of waning military recruitment and their challenges with concurrently operating in multiple war theatres throughout the country.[416][417] On 12 February 2023, a leaked document purportedly from the Ministry of Home Affairs detailed the junta issuing firearms licenses to pro-regime civilians for the operation of counter-insurgency paramilitaries based on the new firearm licensing directive.[418]
Junta-aligned Pyusawhti militias have reportedly used force to recruit local men, but have been less than effective in building up grassroots enforcement on behalf of the junta, and have "taken root only in the small number of communities where the military's own party is traditionally strong."[42]
One man contacted by the BBC in the area where Wathawa has been mobilising since early 2022 said he had only been able to recruit a maximum of 10–15 men in each village, and then only by threatening to burn down their homes.
He said many of the recruits had run away, and were being helped by other villagers to hide from Wathawa and his gun-toting monks.[42]
In early December 2023, the Tatmadaw-led government appealed for deserters to return, promising the deserters exoneration. The National Unity Government claims some 20,000 soldiers had deserted and joined its ranks.[419] By 7 December, the junta began freeing soldiers who had been jailed for desertion to ease apparent manpower shortages as a result of battlefield pressures from recent operations.[420]
On 10 February 2024, the Tatmadaw announced that all men aged 18 to 35 and women aged 18 to 27 will be required to complete up to two years of mandatory military service, amid its territorial losses. Those who fail to enlist face imprisonment for up to five years during a national emergency.[421] This announcement has been interpreted by some as a sign of increasing desperation in the face of steadily advancing resistance forces.[422] In the wake of the announcement, Deutsche Welle also reported that "thousands" of young people were fleeing across the border to Thailand to evade conscription before it came into effect.[423] Local Myanmar government officials are reportedly extorting bribes from those seeking to avoid being conscripted.[424] 21 administrators in Rakhine's Thandwe announced their resignation in response to the military recruitment.[425] Rebel groups killed at least 17 local officials carrying out the junta's conscription efforts.[426]
Activist Thinzar Shunlei Yi thought the military’s historic "indoctrination techniques are deeply rooted in nationalism and religious ideologies" leaving "soldiers and their families feeling disoriented amidst shifting societal paradigms".[427]
Anti-junta forces[edit]
The limited possession of guns by ethnic insurgent movements along with the lack of international support and formal means of acquiring military material has presented the anti-junta forces with a challenging situation for the confrontation of the military regime. Faced with this difficulty since the early stages of armed insurgency, the resistance movement sought ways to manufacture the necessary weapons and equipment for the conflict. Initially, the rebels expanded the production of a traditionally made, single-shot rifle known as Tumi, especially in the Chin state. Nonetheless, this kind of rifle is severely limited for battleground action. For this reason, the fighters have developed alternative models which are more advanced, while still calling them Tumi.[428] Since then, the resistance movement has developed many kinds of carbines, landmines and bomb drones, to be manufactured within the technological and material means of liberated territories and underground cells.[429][430][431]
Commercially available drones rigged to carry bombs were used to attack military positions. PDF groups reportedly produced naval bombs to target government logistics in rivers. Meanwhile, defected soldiers developed 60 mm long-range mortars. The use of 3D printing was also reported, both to salvage weapons taken from the junta and for the improvised production of semiautomatic carbines.[429][432] An arms trafficker in possession of nuclear materials was found working with an unnamed insurgent ethnic armed group in Myanmar.[414] The success of Operation 1027 enabled the Brotherhood Alliance to seize enormous caches of arms and ammunition from the Tatmadaw, making it better equipped than before it launched Operation 1027.[433]
Foreign involvement[edit]
.png)
In June 2021, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution asking member states to impose an arms embargo on Myanmar.[434] Two hundred international organisations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have continued to press the UN and its member states to adopt a global arms embargo.[435][436] The United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the European Union have, in response to the ongoing violence, sanctioned individuals and organisations associated with the Burmese military.[437][438] However, the effectiveness of these sanctions has been undermined by poor coordination among governments and the lack of sanctions against high-impact targets.[438]
ASEAN blocked Myanmar from participating in regional summits after the 2021 coup.[439] but this was reversed after New Zealand invited the junta to two ASEAN summits hosted in Wellington in April 2024.[440] ASEAN member states have not taken a consistent, coordinated approach with respect to the ongoing civil war, due to internal divisions. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore are strongly opposed to the military junta,[441][442] but Thailand is a key ally of the junta.[443][444]
India, which represents Myanmar's fourth-largest export market and fifth-largest import partner, has continued a business-as-usual approach to cross-border relations and continues to recognize the military junta.[445] State-owned and private Indian companies supply arms and raw materials to the junta.[446] Bangladesh recognizes the military junta, but does not support its actions, in part because the Rohingya genocide has led to around 1 million Rohingya refugees fleeing to Bangladesh.[447] Its position in the conflict has been informed by repeated spillover of the conflict into its territory.[448]
As of December 2023, East Timor remains the only government to have openly expressed sympathies to the anti-regime forces in Myanmar.[449] In August 2023, the State Administration Council expelled the East Timorese ambassador in retaliation for the East Timorese government meeting with the NUG.[450]
Since the coup d'état, China and Russia have supported the military junta and have been its main arms suppliers. China is Myanmar's largest trading partner.[451][452] The two countries have blocked any substantive action against Myanmar's military at the United Nations Security Council, while Myanmar's security forces have reportedly used Chinese and Russian-supplied weapons to perpetrate human rights violations.[445] Chinese support for the junta has led to a rise in popular anti-Chinese sentiment in Myanmar.[453][454] However, the fact that the Three Brotherhood Alliance's Operation 1027 in late 2023 was carried out near the China–Myanmar border may indicate a shift in China's stance,[455] which was attributed by analysts to concerns about cyber-scam centers, the pursuit of favorable concessions from the junta on the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor, and the opportunity to influence the PDF in light of evolving dynamics between NUG and EAO groups.[456]
.jpg)
Russia has embraced deeper ties with the Burmese military junta as the civil war has progressed. Russia has provided materiel, military training for over 50 Myanmar Air Force pilots, and diplomatic backing to the regime.[457] Min Aung Hlaing has visited Russia several times, personally meeting with Russian president Vladimir Putin in September 2022. The military junta backed the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[439] Russia was among the few countries[q] to send a congratulatory message to the junta on Myanmar's Independence Day.[458] In March 2024, Tom Andrews saw Russia still being the number one source of weapons for the junta.[390]
On 24 March, the Rising People's Party (RRP) accused factions of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), a Naga insurgent group active in Northeast India with headquarters in northern Sagaing Region, of having a "tacit understanding" with the military junta, helping with conscription and attacks on PDF's.[459]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Both the Shan State Progress Party and Restoration Council of Shan State use the name "Shan State Army" for their armed forces, so both are distinguished by using the name of their respective political organisations instead of their armed forces, or the addition North/South at the end
- ^ Hundreds of anti-SAC local defence forces are strewn across the country, which operate unconventionally, carrying out hit-and-run attacks, targeted killings, ambushes, remote bombings and a small number of rocket attacks.[4]
- ^ a b India-based
- ^ Despite having issued a public statement of support for anti-junta resistance in April 2021, the ZRA has been supplied by and worked alongside the junta to attack resistance[8][9]
- ^ De facto operating under the name "Wuyang People's Militia".[10]
- ^ Border Guard Forces, Pyusawhti militias, Shanni Nationalities Army, smaller aligned ethnic armed organisations and local groups
- ^ All Burma Students' Democratic Front, Bamar People's Liberation Army, Burma National Revolutionary Army, People's Defence Force (Kalay), People's Liberation Army, People's Revolution Alliance (Magway), Student Armed Force, National Liberation Army (Myanmar), smaller local groups
- ^ Karen National Defence Organisation, Democratic Karen Buddhist Army - Brigade 5, Arakan Army (Kayin State), local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
- ^ Karenni Nationalities Defence Force, Karenni Army, Karenni National People's Liberation Front, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
- ^ Chinland Defence Force, Chin National Defence Force, Chin National Army, Zomi allied groups, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
- ^ Includes territory controlled by the Mon National Liberation Army (Anti-Dictatorship)
- ^
- ^ Killed in Kachin State's Waingmaw Township by the Kachin Independence Army as the Lisu Ethnic Militia leader.[19]
- ^ Burmese: ၂၀၂၁-လက်ရှိ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ပြည်သူ့ခုခံတွန်းလှန်စစ်; MLCTS: 2021 – lakhri. mranmanuing.ngan pranysu.hku.hkamtwan:hlancac, Burmese pronunciation: [n̥ə.'tʰa̼ʊn.n̥ə.sʰɛ̼.θɪʔ – 'lɐʔ.ʃi̼ mjàm.mà.nàɪŋ.ŋàɴ 'pjì.θu̼ 'kʰu̼.kʰàɰ̃ 'tʊ́ːɰ̃.ɫàɰ̃.sɪʔ]
- ^ The ZRA has also clashed with the Chin National Army (CNA) several times since 2021
- ^ Mese (captured in June 2023), Demoso, Ywarthit, Shadaw, Mawchi, Nan Mae Khon.
- ^ Belarus, Cambodia, North Korea, Russia, and Syria sent congratulatory messages to the State Administration Council for Myanmar's Independence Day on 4 January, 2024.
References[edit]
- ^ "Sagaing and Magway PDFs launch guerrilla attacks on military columns". Myanmar Now. 12 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Yangon PDF Central Command announces attacks after Kyimyindine crackdown". BNI. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ a b Ethnic Pa-O Group Exits Myanmar Peace Talks, Formally Joins War Against Dictatorship. Yuzana. January 27, 2024. The Irrawaddy. Archived January 27, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nicola Williams (31 May 2023). "Lower Myanmar: urban guerrillas and new patterns of resistance". IISS.
- ^ "若開邦對抗武裝團體 緬軍空襲艦艇砲擊爆更多衝突". CNA (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "Murders in Yangon and Mandalay linked to Thwe Thout". Myanmar Now. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's Junta Plays Both Rakhine and Rohingya for Fools". The Irrawaddy. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.
- ^ "India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar". Myanmar Now. 12 September 2023.
- ^ "ZRA Raids and Captures CDF-Tonzang Battalion-3 Camp". BNI Online. 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Lisu Ethnic Individuals in Kachin State Recruited as New Militia Members". Burma News International. 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b Jones, Aidan (5 September 2022). "Myanmar junta 'losing control' as armed resistance digs in, rights experts say". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d "The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight". Brookings. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Hein Htoo Zan (9 February 2024). "AA: Historic Mrauk U Seized From Myanmar's Junta". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b c "MNDAA captures military command centre outside Laukkai, taking full control of city". Myanmar Now. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b "KNLA Claims Seizure of Karen Town While Myanmar Junta Celebrates". The Irrawaddy. 28 March 2024.
- ^ "Resistance Sets up the Chin People's Administrative Committee to Govern Chinland". BNI. 29 January 2024. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ ""We are Getting Stronger to Complete the Revolution": Karenni Resistance Leader". The Irrawaddy. 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "KNPLF Says No Fake Peace". BNI. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ a b "Junta-allied Lisu militia leader killed in battle with Kachin forces". Myanmar Now. 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024.
- ^ "With Conscription Law, Myanmar's Generals Are Digging Their Own Graves". The irrawaddy. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's Military Is Smaller Than Commonly Thought — and Shrinking Fast". usip.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "ACLED Dashboard". ACLED. 22 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "AAPP | Assistance Association for Political Prisoners". AAPP | Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 2 October 2023)". Reliefweb.com. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar: Intensification of Clashes Flash Update #10 (as of 15 December 2023)". 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ "Conflict seen escalating in Myanmar on the anniversary of PDF". Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Strangio, Sebastian (3 June 2022). "Myanmar's Total Displaced Population Tops 1 Million, Says UN". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup". 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ a b Aziz, Abdul (6 February 2024). "Tension at border: Fear grips residents in Bandarban". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Violence Escalates With Rise of 'Self-defense' Groups, Report Says". Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. 27 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar anti-coup insurgents destroy police post, kill security forces -media". Euronews. Reuters. 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's political future remains cloudy as the junta wobbles". East Asia Forum. 5 February 2024.
- ^ Rahman Yaacob (6 December 2023). "Commentary: Myanmar's military stares at defeat as rebel forces go on the offensive". CNA.
- ^ "More than two years on, impact of Myanmar military coup 'devastating' | UN News". news.un.org. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Mike (15 September 2022). "Mass Exodus: Successive Military Regimes in Myanmar Drive Out Millions of People". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's Junta Is Losing the Civil War". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Junta Troops Lost Will to Fight: Brotherhood Alliance". The Irrawaddy. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ Fishbein, Emily; Hkawng, Jaw Tu; Awng, Zau Myet (3 November 2023). "Northern offensive brings 'new energy' to Myanmar's anti-coup resistance". Al Jazeera. Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ "Kayah Resistance Seizes Myanmar Junta Bases in State Capital". The Irrawaddy. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ a b "ရသေ့တောင်မြို့နယ် နယ်ခြားစောင့်ရဲစခန်းနှစ်ခုကို ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော် ထိုးစစ်ဆင်တိုက်ခိုက်ပြီးနောက် ဒုံးပိုက်စခန်းကိုသိမ်းပိုက်ရရှိပြီဟုဆို" [Two Rathedaung Township Border Guard Military Posts attacked by Arakan Army with Dong Paik camp being captured]. Narinjara News (in Burmese). 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Resistance Seizes First District Level Town in Sagaing as Offensive Expands". The Irrawaddy. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Head, Jonathan (23 January 2024). "Myanmar's army is losing – and facing fire from a militant monk". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ Helen Regan; Angus Watson; Anna Coren; Su Chay; Pallabi Munsi (27 March 2024). "Burnings and beheadings: Myanmar junta escalates terror tactics against its people". CNN.
- ^ Selth, Andrew (16 December 2023). "It is too early to write off Myanmar's junta". East Asia Forum. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "The tatmadaw, junta down but not out". The Hindu. 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Nachemson, Andrew (26 March 2024). "'Backs to the wall': Myanmar military prepares to mark Armed Forces Day". Al Jazeera.
The military ... can't win at the present moment, but it still has deadly firepower that it is ready to use indiscriminately, including against civilian targets.
- ^ Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). "The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008.
- ^ Callahan, Mary Patricia (2003). Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7267-1. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Pavković, 2011: 476
- ^ Smith, Martin (1 June 1999). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-85649-660-5.
- ^ Flint, Colin; Kirsch, Scott (2011). Reconstructing Conflict: Integrating War and Post-war Geographies. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-0470-5. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Mullen, Jethro; Mobasherat, Mitra (13 February 2015). "Myanmar says Kokang rebels killed 47 of its soldiers". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Pagnucco, Ray; Peters, Jennifer (15 October 2015). "Myanmar's National Ceasefire Agreement isn't all that national". Vice News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Myanmar Signs Historic Cease-Fire Deal With Eight Ethnic Armies". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ Sandford, Steve (31 May 2018). "Conflict Resumes in Karen State After Myanmar Army Returns". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ Nadi, Nang Mya (22 November 2016). "8 killed as ethnic rebels hit Muse- DVB Multimedia Group". DVB Multimedia Group. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ "Myanmar military announces new State Administrative Council". The Myanmar Times. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Min Aung Hlaing: the heir to Myanmar's military junta". France24. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar shadow government calls for uprising against military". Al Jazeera. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Bynum, Elliott. "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Myanmar". ACLED. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "UCDP Candidates data set January to December 2021: Version 21.01.21.12". 31 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ a b c Tharoor, Ishaan (21 July 2022). "Myanmar's junta can't win the civil war it started". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ Ebbighausen, Rodion (1 July 2022). "Who is winning Myanmar's civil war?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ Davis, Anthony (30 May 2022). "Is Myanmar's military starting to lose the war?". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "'The last fight': With growing support for federal army, Kachin prepares for war". 3 April 2021. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "UN envoy urges action to prevent Myanmar 'civil war'". The Straits Times via Eleven Myanmar. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "As slaughter of civilians continues, some decide it's time to take up arms". Myanmar Now. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Brotherhood Alliance tells military to stop killings, threatens to abandon ceasefire". Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "The Junta Is Dragging Myanmar Into Full-Blown Civil War". The Irrawaddy. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government". Workers Today. 7 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021.
- ^ Bociaga, Robert (24 November 2021). "Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ Thar, Hein (11 December 2023). "Red dawn: Myanmar's reborn communist army". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ a b "KIA says more clashes likely despite junta's ceasefire announcement". Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Kyaw Ye Lynn (27 March 2021). "10 soldiers killed in Myanmar base attack: Rebel group". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar Villagers Take Up Homemade Weapons Against Regime's Security Forces". The Irrawaddy. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar's Mediation Blues: Negotiation or zero-sum game?". BNI. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Ten Myanmar policemen killed in attack by ethnic armies opposed to junta-report". Reuters. 10 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ "Junta's armed forces launch attack to reclaim base seized by KIA". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar: The small embattled town that stood up to the army". Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "At least 30 regime soldiers killed by Mindat locals in four-day battle". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "Who are the Chinland Defense Force (CDF), Chin Myanmar". Myanmar Speaks. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi supporters unveil Myanmar 'national unity government'". Financial Times. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ "Opponents of Myanmar's junta set up national unity government". France24. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ "Eleven killed as Myanmar protesters fight troops with hunting rifles, firebombs – media". Reuters. 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ "Can Myanmar's New 'People's Defense Force' Succeed?". The Diplomat. 26 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar rebels claim police killings as Aung San Suu Kyi appears in court". The Guardian. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Karen Rebel Leader Warns Myanmar Regime of More Fighting". 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ "Karenni resistance fighters open new front against junta". Myanmar Now. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar carries out air strikes after militia attacks – witnesses". Reuters. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Forces and KIA in Fresh Fighting in Northern Myanmar". 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ a b Soe Win; Ko Ko Aung; Stylianou, Nassos (1 February 2022). "The deadly battles that tipped Myanmar into civil war". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Troops Battle Civilian Resistance Fighters in Mandalay". 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar military kills at least 25 people in raid on central town". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Loong, Shona. "The Dry Zone: an existential struggle in central Myanmar". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "၂၀၂၁ မြန်မာစစ်အာဏာသိမ်း – NUG က နိုင်ငံတော်ကို အရေးပေါ်အခြေအနေကြေညာ" [2021 Myanmar military coup – NUG declares state of emergency]. BBC News Myanmar (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (7 September 2021). "Myanmar opposition announces 'defensive war' against junta". The Guardian. Yangon. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Post-coup Myanmar in six warscapes". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ "Over 1700 Junta Soldiers Killed in Past Three Months, Civilian Government Says". The Irrawaddy. 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Over 30 Junta Soldiers Killed In Fierce Weekend Fighting". The Irrawaddy. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "Over 40 Myanmar Soldiers Killed in Ambush". The Irrawaddy. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar: Whole town flees amid fierce fighting". BBC. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Troops Ambushed in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "Soldiers capture PDF medics during a raid on resistance base camp in Kalay". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Hundreds Of Myanmar Junta Informants Killed Or Wounded". The Irrawaddy. 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ Arnold, Matthew (13 November 2023). "Revolution and the Escalating Collapse of Myanmar's junta". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ "2,200 Myanmar Junta Soldiers Killed Since January: KNU". The Irrawaddy. 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Esther J. (18 November 2021). "Dozens of junta troops ambush Moebye PDF outpost". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ Nyein Swe (15 December 2021). "Clashes in Kayah State kill at least four regime soldiers: KNDF". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "Military arrests NLD lawmaker in KNU territory". Myanmar Now. 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ J., Esther (20 December 2021). "More houses torched as junta troops leave Loikaw village". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ J., Esther (24 January 2022). "As details of Christmas Eve massacre emerge, calls for justice grow". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Save the Children confirms staff killed in Myanmar massacre". Al Jazeera. 28 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "UN 'horrified' by massacre of dozens of civilians in Myanmar". Al Jazeera. 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar: Security Council condemns attack killing dozens". UN News. 29 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Both Sides Sustain Casualties as Fighting Rages Between PDFs and Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Military onslaught in eastern states amounts to collective punishment". Amnesty International. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Additional armed clashes between military and armed groups likely in Kayah State through mid-May /update 9". Myanmar: Additional armed clashes between military and armed groups likely in Kayah State through mid-May /update 9 | Crisis24. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "Fighting in Myanmar's Kayin state drives thousands to Thai border". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "Regime troops retreat with heavy causalities in Lay Kay Kaw". Burma News International. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ "The Dry Zone". International Institute of Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "Military raid destroys resistance base in Monywa, PDF says". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Soldiers target villagers after ambush by Myaing PDF". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Resistance Fighters Claim To Have Killed Around 50 Myanmar Junta Personnel". The Irrawaddy. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Resistance Fighters Suffer Heavy Losses During Sagaing Clash With Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Junta Soldiers Killed; Social Media Users Boycott Myanmar Coup Leader's Parade". The Irrawaddy. 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Claims to Have Killed 8 Resistance Fighters in Mandalay Raids". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Burma Army Convoy Attacked In Mohnyin Township". Kachin News Group. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Nyein Swe (19 July 2022). "Further clashes between KIA, Myanmar military break out in Hpakant". Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "KIA Targets PMF Gold-mining Operation In Hpakant Township". 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Military deploys Russian-made fighter jets against KIA targets". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Nyein Swe (10 February 2022). "KIA speculates that battles with Myanmar army could intensify in Kachin State". Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Chinland Defence Force attacks junta soldiers in Matupi". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Convoy Under Repeated Attack in Chin State". The Irrawaddy. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Well over a quarter of Thantlang now destroyed by fire as rebel group vows to 'drive out' junta soldiers". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "India's Ties With Myanmar Junta in Focus After Chin Group's Attack on Manipur Rebels". The Irrawaddy. 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Army truck with soldiers inside blown up in Yangon". Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ J., Esther (14 December 2021). "Three injured guerrilla fighters among 12 arrested after accidental explosion in Yangon". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "Almost 370 Junta Officials Assassinated Since Coup". The Irrawaddy. 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Resistance Fighters Target Homes of Myanmar Junta Pilots After Airstrikes on Civilians". 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance Kills Dozens of Junta Soldiers in Three Days of Clashes". The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance Leader in Sagaing Says Monsoon Will Bring Victories". The Irrawaddy. 13 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ Martin, Michael (21 June 2022). "Is Myanmar's Military on Its Last Legs?". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's resistance is at risk of believing its own propaganda". The Economist. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Accusations fly after Myanmar bombing kills 1, injures 9". AP NEWS. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "Dozens of Myanmar Troops, 11 PDF Fighters Killed in Clash in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ^ "Killing Spree". Myanmar Witness. 1 December 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ "Son of Slain Villager Recalls Myanmar Junta Massacre in Sagaing". The Irrawaddy. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Regan, Helen; Mogul, Rhea (25 July 2022). "Myanmar junta executes leading democracy activists". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ a b "World condemns Myanmar junta for 'cruel' execution of activists". Reuters. 26 July 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: First executions in decades mark atrocious escalation in state repression". Amnesty International. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "G7 Foreign Ministers' Statement on the Myanmar Military Junta's Executions". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "Anatomy of an extrajudicial massacre". RFA. 20 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar army helicopters fire on school, killing 6: reports". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar army helicopters fire on school, killing 13, media and residents say". Reuters. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Guterres strongly condemns army attacks which left 11 children dead". UN News. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Statement by the spokesperson on the latest attack against a school in Tabayin | EEAS Website". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Retired Myanmar Brigadier General Shot Dead by Yangon Resistance Group". The Irrawaddy. Yangon. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "Junta Troops Clash With Arakan Army in Western Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Two Civilians Dead in Clash Between AA, Regime Troops in Myanmar's Rakhine State". The Irrawaddy. 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Fighting With AA Claims Heavy Casualties Including Officers, Video Shows". The Irrawaddy. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Avoiding a Return to War in Myanmar's Rakhine State". International Crisis Group. Brussels, Belgium. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ Kean, Thomas (7 June 2022). "Arakan Army on Collision Course with the Military in Myanmar's Rakhine State". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ Kyaw Hsan Hlaing (3 October 2022). "Insurgents in Myanmar's Rakhine State Return to War on the Military". US Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ Chowdhury, Tanvir (23 September 2022). "Tensions as Bangladesh accuses Myanmar of firing in its territory". Tumbru, Bangladesh: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "Dhaka summons Myanmar ambassador again, protests land, airspace violation". The Daily Star. Dhaka. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ Rashid, Muktadir (21 October 2022). "Bangladesh Credits Chinese Intervention With Stopping Myanmar Border Blasts". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Davis, Anthony (4 November 2022). "Myanmar's NUG going for broke before its time". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Nay Thit (22 October 2022). "Why Myanmar Junta's 'Four Cuts' Arson Strategy is Failing to Quell Resistance". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Kayah Resistance: 797 Myanmar Junta Troops Killed Last Year". 7 January 2023. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "'Our Objective Was to Force Junta Troops from Southern Kawkareik': KNLA". The Irrawaddy. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar's KNU attacks key border town of Kawkareik". Mizzima. 22 October 2022. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "Karen Resistance Forces Seize Myanmar Junta Base, Capture 17 Soldiers". The Irrawaddy. 27 October 2022. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (5 January 2023). "Fighting Breaks Out Near Inle Lake in Southern Shan State". The Irrawady. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Chin resistance forces fail to take outpost after week-long siege". Myanmar Now. 22 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Zan, Hein Htoo (18 February 2023). "Chin Resistance: Myanmar Junta Trying to Retake Thantlang". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ Nyein Swe (12 August 2022). "Junta forces torch Hpakant Township village after forcing KIA withdrawal, locals say". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Regime Convoy Stopped In Chin State". BNI. 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "သံချပ်ကာယာဉ် (၂) စီး ချေမှုန်းနိုင်ခဲ့သော CNDF ပူးပေါင်းတပ်ကို NUG က ကျပ်သိန်း ၄၀၀၀ ချီးမြှင့်". BNI (in Burmese). 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Convoy of Myanmar Junta Reinforcements Decimated Near Matupi: Chin Resistance". The Irrawaddy. 27 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Two Dozen Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in Chin State Camp Raid". The Irrawaddy. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Nearly 60 Myanmar Regime Forces Killed in Two Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 24 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Over 70 Myanmar Junta Forces Killed in Three Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Thousands flee as resistance forces seize three Myanmar military bases in Bago Region". Myanmar NOW. 15 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ Khin Yi Yi Zaw (6 December 2022). "NUG opens probe into brutal killing of woman by members of its resistance force". Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "Sagaing Resistance Groups Hail River Attacks on Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 6 January 2023. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "More Than a Dozen Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in Four Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Maung Khet Nway (19 April 2023). "ကနီ တာဝါတိုင်စခန်းကုန်းတိုက်ပွဲတွင် စစ်ကောင်စီတပ်သား ၃၀ ဦး သေဆုံးပြီး ၃ ယောက် ထွက်ပြေးလွတ်မြောက်". Mizzima (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "PDF-Mandalay will speed up military operations in 2023". BNI. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Oo, Moe (12 April 2023). "Military, PDF engage in escalating battles in Shan-Mandalay border township". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Dozens of Myanmar Junta Forces Killed in Shan State Clashes: Mandalay PDF". The Irrawaddy. 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Yangon Guerrillas Kill Myanmar Junta Money Laundering Chief". The Irrawaddy. 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Peck, Grant (21 October 2022). "Myanmar villagers say army beheaded high school teacher". AP News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Singers and soldiers among over 60 killed at celebration in Myanmar military air attack, ethnic group says". CBS News. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Peck, Grant (23 October 2022). "Ethnic group says Myanmar air attack kills 80 at celebration". ABC News. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Torches Home Village of Catholic Cardinal". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Thura Maung (31 December 2022). "Several people killed in Myanmar military ambush of Sagaing resistance checkpoint". Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Khine Lin Kyaw (2 February 2023). "Myanmar Junta Imposes Martial Law in Resistance Strongholds". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Thura Maung; Nyein Swe (24 November 2022). "As Sagaing attacks continue, Myanmar junta's scorched earth tactics earn WWII comparison". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Jets Target Kachin Resistance Forces". The Irrawaddy. 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Maung Shwe Wah (22 November 2022). "Myanmar military torches own police station in Magway". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ "In Pictures: Sagaing locals flee Myanmar junta's arson campaign". Myanmar Now. 22 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Khin Yi Yi Zaw (15 December 2022). "Thousands flee as Myanmar military secures Letpadaung area for Chinese workers". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Maung Shwe Wah (11 March 2023). "In Myanmar's heartland, new horrors from a junta struggling for control". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Lipes, Joshua. "Myanmar military, Arakan Army halt hostilities on humanitarian grounds". Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Military and Arakan Army Agree Temporary Truce in Rakhine State". The Irrawaddy. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ Thein San (6 December 2022). "Tensions remain high in Rakhine State despite military, AA truce". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Nyein Swe (2 December 2022). "Military launches major assault on Kokang base on China-Myanmar border". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Nyein Swe (13 December 2022). "Myanmar army drops massive aerial bombs during northern Shan State clashes, TNLA says". Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Calls Ta'ang Army Battle a 'Misunderstanding'". Irrawaddy. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Military Council suffered massive casualties Battle of Namhsan". BNI. 14 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Dozens of Myanmar Junta Forces Killed in Four Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "KNDO-operated drone attack on Military Council camp south of Myawaddy kills 2 commanders of infantry divisions". Karen News. 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Pan, Pan (8 June 2023). "NUG's first Yangon PDF battalion is preparatory measure: NUG PM Office spokesperson". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Han Thit (21 June 2023). "Head of security for Yangon International Airport assassinated". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Yangon Airport security chief assassinated". Mizzima. 22 June 2023. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Four Military Council Soldiers Arrested During KNLA/ PDF Inspection of Vehicles on Ye-Thanbyuzayat Highway". BNI. 22 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Chan, Juu (22 June 2023). "ရေးမြို့နယ်နှင့် လမိုင်းတွင် ရေးဘီလူးအဖွဲ့ ပစ်ခတ်မှုများပြုလုပ်ရာ စစ်သား ၄ ဦး သေဆုံး". Mizzima (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Chan, Juu (27 June 2023). "ရေးမြို့နယ်တွင် စစ်မှုထမ်းဟောင်း ပျူစောထီးခေါင်းဆောင်အား ရေးဘီလူးအဖွဲ့ပစ်ခတ်ရှင်းလင်း". Mizzima (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Chan, Juu (28 June 2023). "ရေးမြို့နယ်တွင် စကခ (၁၉) လှည့်ကင်းအား ရေးဘီလူးအဖွဲ့ ပစ်ခတ်". Mizzima (in Burmese). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "ရေး၊ လမိုင်းနှင့် ခေါဇာမြို့က စစ်ကောင်စီ ဌာနဆိုင်ရာရုံးများ ပိတ်လိုက်ရ". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "တော်လှန်ရေးအင်အားစုတွေရဲ့ နေပြည်တော်အိပ်မက်". BBC News (in Burmese). 25 August 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Naypyitaw Junta Airbase Hit by Myanmar Resistance Drone Strike". The Irrawaddy. 18 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar". Myanmar Now. 12 September 2023.
- ^ "Over 3,000 Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in First Half of 2023: NUG". The Irrawaddy. 8 August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Over 3,000 Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in First Half of 2023: NUG". The Irrawaddy. 8 August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar resistance leader claims majority control over territory in the country". The Star. 29 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Resistance Forces Attack Regime Checkpoints and Offices in Karen States". Karen News. 3 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ J, Esther (23 June 2023). "Karenni BGF battalions confirm role in recent raids on junta outposts". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Outposts Fall to Karenni Resistance in Kayah State". The Irrawaddy. 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ J, Esther (28 June 2023). "A lieutenant colonel among dozens of junta soldiers captured in Karenni State, says NUG". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Suffers Heavy Casualties in Battle for Karen Hilltop". The Irrawaddy. 25 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ "Military Council Suffers Many Causalities During Operation Kanaung". Shan Herald Agency for News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Myanmar Junta Loses 76 Soldiers as PDF Kicks Off Special Operation in Mandalay, Shan". The Irrawaddy. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "မြောက်ပိုင်းသုံးဖွဲ့ စစ်ကောင်စီကို အထူးစစ်ဆင်ရေးကြေညာ". Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "အောက်တိုဘာ ၂၇ ရက်ထိပ်တန်းသတင်းများ – စစ်ဆင်ရေး ၁၀၂၇ စတင်၊ ချင်းရွှေဟော်မြို့ကို ကိုးကန့်တပ် သိမ်းပိုက်". BBC News မြန်မာ (in Burmese). 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "စစ်ဆင်ရေး ၁၀၂၇ – ရှမ်းပြည် မြောက်ပိုင်းက မဟာမိတ်စစ်ဆင်မှု". BBC Burmese (in Burmese). 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေး – သုံးရက်အတွင်း လေကြောင်းတိုက်ခိုက်မှု အကြိမ် ၄၀". BBC Burmese (in Burmese). 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "၁၀၂၇စစ်ဆင်ရေး စစ်ကိုင်းအထက်ပိုင်းဝင်ရောက်လာ". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "နောင်ချိုမြို့နဲ့ ဂုတ်တွင်းတံတားကို မဟာမိတ်တပ်တွေ စီးနင်းထိန်းချုပ်". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "ခလရ ၁၄၃ တပ်ရင်းတရင်းလုံး လက်နက်ချခဲ့ကြောင်း ညီနောင်မဟာမိတ် ၃ ဖွဲ့ထုတ်ပြန်". VOA (in Burmese). 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "ကန်တော်ယန်အထိုင်စခန်းကို သိမ်းပိုက်လိုက်ပြီလို့ KIAပြော". Kachin Waves (in Burmese). 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "နောင်ချိုမြို့အနီး စစ်ကောင်စီယာဥ်တန်းကို TNLAနှင့် MDY PDFတို့စစ်ဆင်". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "မြို့သုံးမြို့ကျသွားပြီဟု စစ်ကောင်စီဝန်ခံ". DVB (in Burmese). 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "ညီနောင်မဟာမိတ်များ၏ စစ်ဆင်ရေး၇ရက်မြောက်နေ့တွင် နြို့လေးမြို့ကို အပြီးတိုင်သိမ်းပိုက်နိုင်ခဲ့". Ayeyarwaddy Times (in Burmese). 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "နမ့်ခမ်းတစ်မြို့လုံးနီးပါး TNLAထိန်းချုပ်". Myanmar Now (in Burmese). 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ "ကလေး- တမူးလမ်းပေါ်ရှိ ခါမ်းပါတ်မြို့ကို PDF သိမ်း". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "၁၂ရက်အကြာတွင် ကွမ်းလုံကို အပြီးတိုင်သိမ်းနိုင်ပြီဟု MNDAAထုတ်ပြန်". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "မုံးကိုးမြို့ကို အလုံးစုံထိန်းချုပ်နိုင်ပြီဖြစ်ကြောင်း MNDAAပြော". Myanmar Now (in Burmese). 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "မုံးကိုးတိုက်ပွဲတွင် တပ်မ(၉၉)ဗျူဟာမှူးအပါအဝင် အရာရှိစစ်သည် ၃၀ကျော် သေဆုံး". DVB (in Burmese). 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "ဂုတ်ထိပ်တံတားအနီးရှိ စစ်တပ်စခန်းကို TNLA/PDFပူးပေါင်းအဖွဲ့တိုက်ခိုက်နေ". Myanmar Now (in Burmese). 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Loses Bases, Scores of Troops in Four Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar rebels seize town from military junta despite China-backed ceasefire". France 24. 16 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (23 December 2023). "Brotherhood Alliance Seizes Another Ethnic Zone in Myanmar's northern Shan State". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Rival Shan armies declare truce as other ethnic armed groups gain ground". Myanmar Now. 30 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Asks China to Pressure Brotherhood Alliance to End Offensive". Archived from the original on 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar military meets rebel groups with China's help – junta spokesperson". 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Brotherhood Alliance Denies Myanmar Junta Peace Deal Rumors". The Irrawaddy. 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ Strangio, Sebastian (16 November 2023). "Myanmar Resistance Forces Close In On Key Northeastern Town". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic Army Battles to Seize Another Base From Myanmar Junta Near Border With China". The Irrawaddy. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Saw Reh (26 December 2023). "Myanmar Infantry Division Surrenders in Laukkai, Shan State: Reports". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Kyaw Oo (28 December 2023). "Most of Laukkai now under MNDAA control". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (8 January 2024). "Myanmar's Brotherhood Alliance Seizes Two More Towns in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ "Defeated Myanmar Generals Given Death Sentences". The Irrawaddy. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar rebel alliance agrees to ceasefire with ruling military". Reuters. 12 January 2024.
- ^ "Brotherhood Alliance, Myanmar Junta Agree to Ceasefire in Northern Shan". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Yuzana (13 January 2024). "Myanmar Junta Breaks Chinese-Brokered Ceasefire: TNLA". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "ကော့ကရိတ်တိုက်ပွဲအတွင်း လက်နက်ကြီးကျလို့ ဒေသခံ ၆ ဦးသေဆုံး". BBC Burmese (in Burmese). 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "ကရင်နီဒေသ ၁၁၀၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေး တိုက်ပွဲ ဆင်နွှဲ". BBC News မြန်မာ (in Burmese). 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Operation 1107 launched in Karenni State: Three military camps captured – killing at least 70 soldiers". MPA. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Tens of Thousands Trapped as Myanmar Resistance Strikes Kayah State Capital". The Irrawaddy. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Over 200 Junta Soldiers Killed in 10-Day Battle for Myanmar's Loikaw: KNDF". The Irrawaddy. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ "Resistance forces claim control of '85 percent' of Karenni State capital". 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Karenni Resistance Says It Controls Most of Pekon in Myanmar's Southern Shan". Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Operation Taungthaman: Civilians Urged to Flee Township in Myanmar's Mandalay Region". The Irrawady. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Base Seized in Mandalay: PDF". The Irrawady. 28 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ ""တောင်သမန် စစ်ဆင်ရေး" တစ်လအတွင်း စစ်ကောင်စီတပ်ဖွဲ့ဝင် ၉၅ ယောက်သေပြီး PDF ၁၀ ဦး ကျဆုံး". Mekong News Myanmar (in Burmese). 27 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Almost 40 Myanmar Junta Positions Abandoned in Rakhine: Arakan Army". The Irrawaddy. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar rebels says dozens of junta forces surrender, captured". Reuters. 15 November 2023.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (16 November 2023). "AA Captures Town in Rakhine, Prompting Bombardment by Myanmar Military". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Arakan Human Rights Defenders Call for Safe Departure Agreement for Residents Trapped in Pauktaw". 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Chin Resistance Seizes Indian Border Town From Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "40 Myanmar army personnel who fled to Mizoram amid conflict sent back". The Indian Express. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (5 December 2023). "Myanmar Junta Uses Chemical Warfare: Arakan Army". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Arakan Army Declares Seizure of Major Myanmar Junta Base". The Irrawaddy. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "29 Myanmar armymen flee as camp captured". The Times of India. 16 November 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ "PDF Seizes Hilltop Base in Chin State, Captures 12 Myanmar Junta Soldiers". The Irrawaddy. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "Another town on the India-Myanmar border falls to the resistance". Myanmar Now. 25 November 2023. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "Chin allied resistance claims big junta losses in western Myanmar". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ "The First Chin-Written Constitution: A New Template For Self-Determination?". The Irrawady. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (22 November 2023). "Myanmar Regime Prepping 14,000 Troops to Defend Naypyitaw: Sources". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ Ronan Lee (16 November 2023). "Myanmar's military junta appears to be in terminal decline". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ "Fighting Erupts in Myanmar's Northern Shan State Despite China-Brokered Ceasefire". The Irrawaddy. 28 March 2024.
- ^ "Chinese Ambassador Meets Myanmar Junta Officials as Clashes Resume in Shan". The Irrawaddy. 29 March 2024.
- ^ "SSPP and MNDAA clash in Hseni Township, northern Shan State". Mizzima. 30 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Loses Nearly 50 Troops, More Bases in Three Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Peck, Grant (15 January 2024). "Arakan Army resistance force says it has taken control of a strategic township in western Myanmar". AP News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army Captures Key Town From Junta in Myanmar's Rakhine State". The Irrawaddy. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Around 30 Myanmar Junta Personnel Killed in Chin State: Resistance". The Irrawaddy. 17 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "India-Myanmar border to be fenced soon, says Home Minister Amit Shah". The Hindu. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Alamgir, Nur Uddin (February 2024). "Tension mounts as war rages on BD-Myanmar frontier". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "95 Myanmar Border Guards take shelter in Bangladesh amid clashes with insurgents". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's Military Driven Out of Township in Northern Rakhine, Reports Say". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "AA captures six towns so far, two more waits for coming under their control". Narinjara News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Police and junta soldiers abandoned their Myebon stations". Narinjara News. 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ Kyaw Hsan Hlaing (13 February 2024). "A New Era is Dawning For the People of Myanmar's Rakhine State". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (12 February 2024). "Myanmar military blows bridge to Rakhine State capital as AA advances". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army captures another Rakhine State town, warns locals clashes may continue". Myannmar Now. 16 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Suffers Disaster in Battle for Rakhine Township: AA". The Irrawaddy. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024.
- ^ "AA seizes last junta base in Minbya Township, Rakhine State". Myanmar Now. 28 February 2024.
- ^ "AA confirms capture of Ponnagyun township near Sittwe". www.narinjara.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ "Villages engulfed in flames, bridges damaged in Ponnagyun after junta's airstrikes". Narinjara. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024.
- ^ "AA Seizes Ponnagyun, Stepping Stone to Capital of Myanmar's Rakhine State". The Irrawaddy. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army captures Ramree after months of fighting". Myanmar Now. 12 March 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army Claims Seizure of Myanmar Junta Border Outpost". The Irrawaddy. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army takes Rathedaung, its eighth town seizure in Rakhine State". Myanmar Now. 18 March 2024.
- ^ "Arakan Army Attacks Myanmar Junta's Rakhine Power Base". The Irrawaddy. 29 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar ethnic army sets eyes on ninth township in Rakhine state". RFA. 28 March 2024.
- ^ "Battles with Arakan Army escalate near junta's Western command headquarters". Myanmar Now. 2 April 2024.
- ^ ACLED Dashboard
- ^ a b "RSO denounces Arakan Army and junta accusations, affirms Rohingya rights". Mizzima. 10 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Bangladeshis fret over unconfirmed return of Rohingya militant Nabi Hossain amid Myanmar conflict". bdnews24. 9 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024.
- ^ "AA Offers Save Haven to Rohingya Targeted for Conscription by Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's Junta Plays Both Rakhine and Rohingya for Fools". The Irrawaddy. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.
- ^ Sarah Shamim (22 March 2024). "How is renewed violence in Myanmar affecting the Rohingya?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
- ^ Wei, Brian (23 January 2024). "Firefight Erupts as Myanmar Junta Troops Halt PNLO Arms Convoy in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.
- ^ Aung Naing (26 January 2024). "Pa-O, Karenni forces seize control of town in southern Shan State". Myanmar Now. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar army soldiers killed as fighting continues near Shan State capital". Myanmar Now. 22 February 2024.
- ^ a b "SSPP Shan Armed Group may join forces with PNLA to fight the Junta in Southern Shan State". Shan State Herald for News. 23 February 2024.
- ^ "Forty Pa-O Civilians Killed by Myanmar Junta in Month: Activists". The Irrawaddy. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Week-long battle in Myanmar's Shan state displaces over 110,000". Radio Free Asia. 12 March 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Using Chemical Weapons: Pa-O Army". The Irrawaddy. 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024.
- ^ Agency, Yangon Khit Thit News (23 February 2024). "အာဏာရှင်စနစ်ကျဆုံးရေး၊ ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီပြည်ထောင်စု ပေါ်ထွန်း လာရေး တိုက်ပွဲဝင်နေဟု SSPP/SSA ကြေညာ၊ တော်လှန်လိုသော ပြည်သူများကို ကြိုဆိုလက်ခံမည်ဟု ဖိတ်ခေါ်". Khit Thit Media. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ Agency, Yangon Khit Thit News (23 February 2024). "ဟိုပုံးမြိုနှင့် မိုင်းပွန်မြို အကြားရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ လွယ်ဝိုးတုတ်စခန်းကို SSPP နှင့်မဟာမိတ်တပ်များ သိမ်းပိုက်". Khit Thit Media. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Kachin Independence Army Seizes Myanmar Military Base Near Chinese Border". The Irrawaddy. 20 February 2024. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024.
- ^ "KIA, PDF Seize Two Myanmar Junta Outposts in Kachin State Within a Week". The Irrawaddy. 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Kachin forces capture military camp outside jade-rich town of Hpakant". Myanmar Now. 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Kachin Independence Army captures two junta camps in one day". Myanmar Now. 5 February 2024.
- ^ "KIA Seizes Three Hilltop Bases From Myanmar Junta in Kachin State". The Irrawaddy. 4 March 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024.
- ^ "KIA mounts new offensive, targeting air base, outposts near Myitkyina and Laiza". Myanmar Now. 7 March 2024.
- ^ Maung Shwe Wah; Min Maung (8 March 2024). "KIA and allies seize three large Myanmar army bases near Laiza". Myanmar NOW.
- ^ "Bombs Hit China as War Escalates in Myanmar's Kachin State". The Irrawaddy. 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024.
- ^ "KIA: Nine Myanmar Junta Strongholds Seized in Two Days". The Irrawaddy. 23 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Junta Loses Another Town, More Bases in Four Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 29 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Junta Loses More Bases, Scores of Troops in Five Days of Resistance Attacks". The Irrawaddy. 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Karen Brigades Take More Territory From Myanmar Junta: KNU". The Irrawaddy. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024.
- ^ Sniper Shoots Dead Myanmar Brigadier-general In Helicopter. January 29, 2024. AFP. Archived 2024-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Resistance forces close to capturing town between Dawei and Thai border". Myanmar Now. 27 February 2024.
- ^ "Resistance forces capture five army trucks in attack on junta convoy near Dawei". Myanmar Now. 23 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar-Thai Border Trade Plummets Again as Fighting, Restrictions Take Toll". The Irrawaddy. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Karen Resistance Hails Victories Over Myanmar Junta Near Thai Border". The Irrawaddy. 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024.
- ^ "KNLA retakes camp it lost to Myanmar military more than three decades ago". Myanmar Now. 13 March 2024.
- ^ "First-Ever Post-Coup Clash in KNU 7th Brigade Territory Erupts". Karen Information Center. 20 March 2024.
- ^ "ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးစိုးဝင်း ကရင်ပြည်နယ်ကို နေ့ချင်းပြန်သွားရောက်" [Vice Senior General goes on day trip to Karen State]. BBC Burmese (in Burmese). 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.
- ^ "Karen BGF to rename itself 'Karen National Army'". Myanmar Now. 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Troops Relinquish Another Town to Advancing Karenni Forces". The Irrawaddy. 29 January 2024.
- ^ Pyae, Nora (14 February 2024). "Resistance fighters seize military's last base in Shadaw Township, Karenni State". Myanmar Now.
- ^ "Five Killed as Myanmar Junta Jet Strafes Monastery Housing Displaced People". The Irrawaddy. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Karenni resistance fighters occupy Thailand-Myanmar border town of Hpasawng". Myanmar Now. 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's Junta is Nearing Its End in The Thai Border State of Karenni". The Irrawaddy. 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Local residents worry amid city wide fighting and military camp seizures". Independent Mon News Agency. 1 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024.
- ^ "မွန်ပြည်သစ်ပါတီမှအတွင်းရေးမှူး၊ ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်တို့မှ ပါတီတွင်းမှ ယုံကြည်ချက်တူသူများနှင့် လက်တွဲ၍ စစ်ကောင်စီကို တိုက်ခိုက်သွားမည်ဟု ကြေငြာချက်ထုတ်". Narinjara (in Burmese). 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "New Mon State Party breakaway formed to fight Myanmar junta". Mizzima. 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic Mon Party Offshoot Declares War on Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Anti -Dictatorship Wing of Mon Party Pledges to Join with Resistance Forces". Independent Mon News Agency. 26 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024.
- ^ "MSRF Vows to Cut Off Junta's Logistic Routes". Karen Information Center. 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Revolutionary Group Captures Kawt Bein Police Station, Seizes Weapons and Ammunition". Independent Mon News Agency. 27 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Warships Unleash Firestorm on Mon Village After Police Station Seized". The Irrawaddy. 29 March 2024.
- ^ Myanmar Junta Retakes Town From Civilian Government in Sagaing Region. The Irrawaddy. February 13, 2024 Archived February 13, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Town Almost Razed to Ground After Being Retaken by Myanmar Junta Troops". The Irrawaddy. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar army launches offensive to retake Maw Luu from resistance". Myanmar Now. 22 February 2024.
- ^ Hein Htoo Zan (13 December 2023). "Myanmar Resistance Forces Seize Fourth Sagaing Town". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance's 'Final Warning' to Junta Sparks Civilian Exodus in Kale Warzone". The Irrawaddy. 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Fighting near Kalay leaves at least 10 civilians dead". Myanmar Now. 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance Fighters Poised to Capture Key Town in Sagaing Region". The Irrawaddy. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024.
- ^ "Battle for control of Kani ends with retreat by anti-regime forces". Myanmar Now. 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's military-ruled capital attacked by drones". BBC. 4 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance Drones Target Junta Chief's Residence, Military HQ and Airbase in Naypyitaw". The Irrawaddy. 4 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar anti-coup forces claim 'success' in Naypyidaw drone attack". Al Jazeera. 4 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Myanmar spiralling 'from bad to worse, to horrific', Human Rights Council hears". UN News. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Increasing evidence of crimes against humanity since coup". UN News. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Amnesty calls for war crimes probe over Myanmar military bombing of church". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2024.
- ^ "'This is robbery': junta's property seizure spree". Frontier Myanmar. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Education in the Crossfire in Myanmar: Attacks on Schools, Use by Military and Armed Groups, Skyrocketed after 2021 Takeover". Save the Children. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Crisis taking an enormous toll on children, UN committee warns". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's post-coup healthcare collapse". The New Humanitarian. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "FAO Myanmar Response Overview – June 2022 | United Nations in Myanmar" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar's hidden hunger". The New Humanitarian. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "More than two years on, impact of Myanmar military coup 'devastating'". UN News. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ "Human Rights Council Hears that the People of Myanmar Continue to Suffer Profound Human Rights Harms and that Serious and Systematic Human Rights Violations and Abuses in Nicaragua are Crimes against Humanity". United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ a b Ye Kaung Myint Maung (18 March 2024). "INTERVIEW: Myanmar's junta is weakening, but world needs to cut off weapons, funds". RFA.
- ^ "An illegitimate junta can't fix Myanmar's broken economy". Frontier Myanmar. 15 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Coup Makers' Major Challenge is a Failing Economy". FULCRUM. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar: Economy". Asian Development Bank. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Sentiments of hopelessness amongst the Burmese population". Children of the Mekong. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Exodus from Myanmar as cost-of-living crisis bites". Frontier Myanmar. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Myanmar faces blacklisting risk by global financial crime watchdog". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar downplays blacklisting by money laundering watchdog". AP News. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "缅甸内战阻农产出口 农民改种罂粟为生" [Myanmar's Civil War Hinders Agricultural Exports. Farmers turn to Cultivating Poppies]. Lianhe Zaobao (in Simplified Chinese). 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Special Advisory Council Report – Contestation and Control/Resistance as of 30 June 2022" (PDF). 5 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar currency drops 60% in weeks as economy tanks since February coup". Reuters. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ Singh, Kanishka (28 September 2021). "World Bank says Delta variant slowing economic growth in East Asia and Pacific". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "'We are losing while we are selling': junta policies bite businesses". Frontier Myanmar. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Foreign companies in Myanmar struggle with shortage of dollars". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "TimeLINE-Foreign companies withdrawing from Myanmar after coup". Reuters. 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta's New Banknote causes gold prices, Currency Value to Fluctuate". Radio Free Asia. 25 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar's Post-Coup Economic Crisis in Numbers". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024.
- ^ Aung Naing. "Myanmar junta detains gold traders for 'unlicensed transactions'". Myanmar NOW.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta's Central Bank Had $6.8 Bn in Reserves at 14 Int'l Banks in March". Archived from the original on 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's Civilian Government Takes Control of Seized Funds". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Springing into action: Myanmar's opposition NUG launches crypto bank". Archived from the original on 3 December 2023.
- ^ Htet Myat Aung (18 March 2024). "Environmental Degradation and the Future of Myanmar". Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar's forests fall victim to conflict". Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "Blood Money launches campaign to ban aviation fuel to Myanmar junta". RFA. 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b Jong Min Lee (7 March 2024). "Will Myanmar Become the Next North Korea?". The Diplomat.
- ^ Aung Zay (17 February 2023). "Hundreds apply for firearms licenses days after introduction of new policy". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Leaked document confirms Myanmar junta is arming anti-resistance militias". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Htoon, Kyaw Lin (2 August 2018). "Firearms and the law in Myanmar". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar junta to let 'loyal' civilians carry licensed arms -media, document". Reuters. 12 February 2023. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Depleted Myanmar Military Urges Deserters to Return to Barracks". Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ Peck, Grant (8 December 2023). "Myanmar's army is facing battlefield challenges and grants amnesty to troops jailed for being AWOL". AP News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar junta enforces mandatory military service for young people". Reuters. 11 February 2024. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta 'Increasingly Desperate': UN Expert". Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "Escaping to Thailand: Fleeing military service in Myanmar – DW – 03/17/2024". Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Zan, Hein Htoo (21 March 2024). "For Local Officials, Myanmar Junta's Conscription Law Is a Goldmine". The Irrawaddy.
- ^ "Village heads quit in anger over military recruitment in Myanmar's Rakhine state". RFA. 19 March 2024.
- ^ "Killings of junta military recruiters rise to 17, tripling in last week". RFA. 27 March 2024.
- ^ Andrew Nachemson (26 March 2024). "'Backs to the wall': Myanmar military prepares to mark Armed Forces Day". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Manufacturing the Revolution: Weapons and Explosives Craft-Produced by Myanmar's Anti-Junta Fighters". Militant wire. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Fighters Continue Improvising in Struggle Against Junta". Defense Post. 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "Anti-Junta Forces in Myanmar Rely on Homemade Weapons". VOA News. 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "How Myanmar's rebel fighters are using 3D-printed guns to challenge military rulers". Al Jazeera English. 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Myanmar Resistance Groups Get Creative to Manufacture Weapons". The Irrawaddy. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "Operation 1027 Delivered Three Months of Humiliation to Myanmar's Junta". The Irrawaddy. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024.
- ^ "U.N. Security Council: Impose Binding Arms Embargo on Myanmar". Fortify Rights. 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar: Two years after coup, global action needed to halt military's 'nationwide assault on human rights'". Amnesty International. 30 January 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "UN Security Council: Adopt Global Arms Embargo on Myanmar". Human Rights Watch. 5 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "Canadian Sanctions Related to Myanmar". Government of Canada. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ a b "New Report Shines Light on Flaws in International use of Sanctions in Response to Myanmar Coup". EarthRights International. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ a b Wee, Sui-Lee (26 October 2022). "Shunned by the West, Russia and Myanmar Form a Partnership of Unequals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Luke Hunt (27 March 2024). "Myanmar's rebels rail against New Zealand's ASEAN meet". UCA News.
- ^ "Reflections on ASEAN's Special Envoys' Efforts in Myanmar". FULCRUM. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "Anwar slams ASEAN on Myanmar: Non-interference not license for indifference". Radio Free Asia. 2 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Macan-Markar, Marwaan (12 May 2021). "Thai PM and Myanmar junta chief stay engaged via back channels". Nikkei Asia.
- ^ Chau, Thompson. "Myanmar's democratic struggle at stake in Thailand's election". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ a b "China, Russia, India enabling Myanmar's military rule: Report". 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024.
- ^ Krishnan, Murali (26 May 2023). "How India is supporting Myanmar's military with arms". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024.
- ^ Aparajita Banerjee (13 September 2020). "Myanmar deploys Army troops on Bangladesh border". The Bangladesh Defence Analyst. Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Another chapter in Bangladesh-Myanmar relations". Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Rages Against E. Timor President After Defection Call". The Irrawaddy. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar expels East Timor's diplomat in retaliation for supporting opposition forces". AP News. 27 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Thousands feared displaced after armed groups, Myanmar junta forces clash near China border". France24. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
China is a top ally and major arms supplier of the junta, and has refused to label its 2021 power grab a coup.
- ^ "Offensive on China Border Seen as 'Milestone' in Myanmar Revolt". Voice of America. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2023..
- ^ Morris, Peter (8 January 2024). "Why the US Needs to Back Myanmar's Spring Revolution". The Diplomat.
- ^ "Anti-Chinese Protests Are on the Rise in Myanmar". Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Klyszcz, Ivan U.; Chambers, Harold (27 January 2024). "The Myanmar Junta Is Losing Its Foreign Backers". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024.
- ^ Michaels, Morgan (November 2023). "Operation 1027 reshapes Myanmar's post-coup war". The International Institute for Strategic Studies.
- ^ "Расследование Би-би-си: Россия – крупнейший поставщик оружия бирманской хунте" [BBC Investigation: Russia is the biggest arms supplier of the Burmese junta] (in Russian). BBC. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ "A Few Pariah States Congratulate Myanmar on The Anniversary of Its Independence Day". The Irrawaddy. 8 January 2024.
- ^ "Nagaland: NSCN factions have tacit understanding with Myanmar military junta, claims RPP". Northeast Now. 24 March 2024. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024.
