2024 Indian general election

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2024 Indian general election
← 2019 19 April – 1 June 2024 2029 →
All 543 seats in the Lok Sabha
272 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
 
Leader Narendra Modi Mallikarjun Kharge
Party BJP INC
Alliance NDA INDIA
Last election 37.36%, 303 seats 19.49%, 52 seats
Current seats 295 50
Seats needed Steady Increase 222
Seats by constituency. As this is a FPTP election, seat totals are not determined proportional to each party's total vote share, but instead by the plurality in each constituency.
Incumbent Prime Minister

Narendra Modi
BJP



General elections will be held in India from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 to elect the 543 members of the 18th Lok Sabha. The elections will be held in seven phases and the results will be announced on 4 June 2024. This will be the largest-ever election in the history of the world, surpassing the 2019 Indian general election, and will last 44 days, second only to the 1951–52 Indian general election. The incumbent prime minister Narendra Modi, who completed a second term, is contesting for a third consecutive term.

Approximately 960 million individuals out of a population of 1.4 billion are eligible to participate in the elections.[1][2][3] The Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Sikkim will be held simultaneously with the general election, along with the by-elections for 35 seats among 16 states.

Background

Contemporary politics and previous elections

India has a multi-party system with two major parties, namely the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress dominating the politics at the national level. The Bharatiya Janata Party has governed the country with Narendra Modi at the helm since 2014. The tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha is scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[4] The previous general election was held in April–May 2019, after which the, National Democratic Alliance, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, formed the union government, with Modi continuing as Prime Minister.[5]

Electoral system

Article 83 of the Constitution of India requires elections to the Lok Sabha to be held once every five years.[6] All 543 elected MPs are elected from single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting.[7] The 104th amendment to the constitution abolished the two seats that were reserved for the Anglo-Indian community.[8]

Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 years or older, ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid voter identification card issued by the Election Commission of India or equivalent.[9] Some people convicted of electoral or other offenses are barred from voting.[10]

For the 2024 election, 968 million people are eligible to vote, an increase of about 150 million people from the 2019 election.[11]

In March 2024, the Supreme Court of India rejected a petition by the Congress Party to end the usage of electronic voting machines and revert to paper ballots and manual counting, which was the system used in elections until the late 1990s, with the party citing risks of electoral fraud.[12]

Election schedule

2024 Lok Sabha Election Schedule
2024 Lok Sabha Election Schedule
Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar announced the 2024 General Elections schedule for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies during a press conference
Official logo,
"चुनाव का पर्व DESH KA GARV" which means -''Festival of Election, Nation's Pride''

The election schedule for the 18th Lok Sabha was announced by the Election Commission of India on 16 March 2024, and with it the Model Code of Conduct came into effect.[13] The tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha is scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[14]

Date summary

Poll event Phase
I II III IV V VI VII
Notification date 20 March 28 March 12 April 18 April 26 April 29 April 7 May
Last date for filing nomination 27 March 4 April 19 April 25 April 3 May 6 May 14 May
Scrutiny of nomination 28 March 5 April 20 April 26 April 4 May 7 May 15 May
Last date for withdrawal of nomination 30 March 8 April 22 April 29 April 6 May 9 May 17 May
Date of poll 19 April 26 April 7 May 13 May 20 May 25 May 1 June
Date of counting of votes/Result 4 June 2024
No. of constituencies 102 89 94 96 49 57 57

Seat summary

Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
State/Union territory Total

constituencies

Election dates and number of constituencies
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Phase 7
19 April 26 April 7 May 13 May 20 May 25 May 1 June
Andhra Pradesh 25 (1 phase) 25
Arunachal Pradesh 2 (1 phase) 2
Assam 14 (3 phases) 5 5 4
Bihar 40 (7 phases) 4 5 5 5 5 8 8
Chhattisgarh 11 (3 phases) 1 3 7
Goa 2 (1 phase) 2
Gujarat 26 (1 phase) 26
Haryana 10 (1 phase) 10
Himachal Pradesh 4 (1 phase) 4
Jharkhand 14 (4 phases) 4 3 4 3
Karnataka 28 (2 phases) 14 14
Kerala 20 (1 phase) 20
Madhya Pradesh 29 (4 phases) 6 7 8 8
Maharashtra 48 (5 phases) 5 8 11 11 13
Manipur 2 (2 phases) 1+1⁄2[n 1] 1⁄2[n 1]
Meghalaya 2 (1 phase) 2
Mizoram 1 (1 phase) 1
Nagaland 1 (1 phase) 1
Odisha 21 (4 phases) 4 5 6 6
Punjab 13 (1 phase) 13
Rajasthan 25 (2 phases) 12 13
Sikkim 1 (1 phase) 1
Tamil Nadu 39 (1 phase) 39
Telangana 17 (1 phase) 17
Tripura 2 (2 phases) 1 1
Uttar Pradesh 80 (7 phases) 8 8 10 13 14 14 13
Uttarakhand 5 (1 phase) 5
West Bengal 42 (7 phases) 3 3 4 8 7 8 9
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 (1 phase) 1
Chandigarh 1 (1 phase) 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 2 (1 phase) 2
Delhi 7 (1 phase) 7
Jammu and Kashmir 5 (5 phases) 1 1 1 1 1
Ladakh 1 (1 phase) 1
Lakshadweep 1 (1 phase) 1
Puducherry 1 (1 phase) 1
Constituencies 543 101+1⁄2 88+1⁄2 94 96 49 57 57
Total constituencies by end of phase 101+1⁄2 190 284 380 429 486 543
% complete by end of phase 18.69 34.99 52.30 69.98 79.01 89.50 100
Result 543
  1. ^ a b Polling in Outer Manipur seat was scheduled in two phases.

Parties and alliances

Main article: List of political parties in India

The politics of India has become increasingly bipolar in the run-up to the 2024 Indian general elections with two major alliances emerging; the incumbent NDA (National Democratic Alliance) and the opposition INDIA (Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance). Six national parties are contesting the 2024 Indian general elections: BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), INC (Indian National Congress), CPIM (Communist Party of India (Marxist)), BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party), NPP (National People's Party) and AAP (Aam Aadmi Party) with all except the BSP being a part of one of the alliances.

National Democratic Alliance

Main article: National Democratic Alliance

The National Democratic Alliance, abbreviated as NDA (IAST: Rāṣhṭrīya Jānātāntrik Gaṭhabandhan) is a big-tent, mostly centre-right to right-wing political alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party.

This section is transcluded from List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2024 Indian general election#Seat sharing summary. (edit | history)
Party State/UTs Seats Contested Won +/-
Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh 75 446
West Bengal 42
Maharashtra 30
Madhya Pradesh 29
Gujarat 26
Rajasthan 25
Karnataka 25
Tamil Nadu 23
Odisha 21
Bihar 17
Telangana 17
Kerala 16
Jharkhand 13
Punjab 13
Assam 11
Chhattisgarh 11
Haryana 10
NCT of Delhi 7
Andhra Pradesh 6
Jammu and Kashmir 5
Uttarakhand 5
Himachal Pradesh 4
Arunachal Pradesh 2
DNHDD 2
Goa 2
Tripura 2
Andaman Nicobar 1
Chandigarh 1
Ladakh 1
Manipur 1
Mizoram 1
Puducherry 1
Sikkim 1
Telugu Desam Party Andhra Pradesh 17
Janata Dal (United) Bihar 16
Shiv Sena Maharashtra 13
Pattali Makkal Katchi Tamil Nadu 10
Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) Bihar 5
Nationalist Congress Party Maharashtra 4 5
Lakshadweep 1
Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Kerala 4
Janata Dal (Secular) Karnataka 3
Tamil Maanila Congress Tamil Nadu 3
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 2
Apna Dal (Soneylal) Uttar Pradesh 2
Asom Gana Parishad Assam 2
Jana Sena Party Andhra Pradesh 2
National People's Party Meghalaya 2
Rashtriya Lok Dal Uttar Pradesh 2
All Jharkhand Students Union Jharkhand 1
Hindustani Awam Morcha Bihar 1
Independent Tamil Nadu 1
Naga People's Front Manipur 1
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Nagaland 1
Rashtriya Lok Morcha Bihar 1
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh 1
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha Maharashtra 1
United People's Party Liberal Assam 1
Total 543

Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

Main article: Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, abbreviated as INDIA (IAST: Bhāratīya Rāṣṭrīya Vikāsaśīla Samāveśī Gaṭhabaṃdhana) is a big-tent, mostly centre-left to left-wing bloc of opposition parties.[15][16]

On the run up to the general election numerous opposition parties met to form a new opposition alliance to defeat the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. After numerous talks 24 political parties came together to form the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA).

This section is transcluded from List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election#Seat sharing summary. (edit | history)
  Some INDIA member parties decided to contest against the alliance.

Source:[17][18][19][20]

Parties States/UTs Seats contested Won +/-
Indian National Congress Karnataka 28 325 + TBD
Madhya Pradesh 28[21]
Gujarat 24[22]
Rajasthan 23
Andhra Pradesh 5+TBD
Odisha 18
Maharashtra 17
Telangana 17
Uttar Pradesh 17[21]
Kerala 16[23]
Punjab 13[24]
Assam 13
West Bengal 10+TBD
Chattisgarh 11
Bihar 9
Haryana 9[25]
Tamil Nadu 9[26]
Jharkhand 7
Uttarakhand 5
Himachal Pradesh 4
Delhi 3[25]
Arunachal Pradesh 2[27]
DNHDD 2
Goa 2[25]
Jammu and Kashmir 2
Manipur 2
Meghalaya 2[18]
Andaman Nicobar 1
Chandigarh 1[25]
Ladakh 1
Lakshadweep 1[18]
Mizoram 1
Nagaland 1[18]
Puducherry 1[26]
Sikkim 1[18]
Tripura 1[28]
Samajwadi Party Uttar Pradesh 62 63[21]
Madhya Pradesh 1
Communist Party of India (Marxist) West Bengal 22+TBD 50[29]

+ TBD

Kerala 15
Tamil Nadu 2
Andaman Nicobar 1
Andhra Pradesh 1
Assam 1
Bihar 1
Jharkhand 1
Karnataka 1
Odisha 1
Punjab 1
Rajasthan 1
Telangana 1
Tripura 1
All India Trinamool Congress West Bengal 42[30] 48
Assam 4[31]
Meghalaya 1[32]
Uttar Pradesh 1[33]
Communist Party of India Jharkhand 8[27] 27+ TBD
Uttar Pradesh 5[34]
Kerala 4[35]
Tamil Nadu 2[36]
West Bengal 2[37]
Andhra Pradesh 1
Assam 1
Bihar 1
Chhattisgarh 1
Odisha 1
Rashtriya Janata Dal Bihar 23 24
Jharkhand 1
Aam Aadmi Party Punjab 13[24] 22[25]
Delhi 4
Assam 2[38]
Gujarat 2
Haryana 1
Shiv Sena (UBT) Maharashtra 21 21
DNHDD TBD
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 21
Nationalist Congress Party (SP) Maharashtra 10 11
Lakshadweep 1
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Jharkhand 5 6
Odisha 1
Communist Party of India(M–L)L Bihar 3 4
Jharkhand 1
Indian Union Muslim League Kerala 2[23] 3
Tamil Nadu 1[39]
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu and Kashmir 3
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Jammu and Kashmir 3
Revolutionary Socialist Party West Bengal 2[40] 3
Kerala 1[23]
Vikassheel Insaan Party Bihar 3[41]
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Tamil Nadu 2[42]
All India Forward Bloc West Bengal 2[43]
Assam Jatiya Parishad Assam 1[44]
Kerala Congress (J) Kerala 1[23]
Kerala Congress (M) Kerala 1[35]
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi Tamil Nadu 1[39]
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 1[42]
Rashtriya Loktantrik Party Rajasthan 1[45]

Other notable parties and alliances

Bahujan Samaj Party leader Mayawati announced that her party will contest the election on its own in most states and ally with other non-BJP, non-Congress parties in Telangana and Haryana.[46]

On 11 May 2023, Biju Janata Dal leader and Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik said that his party will go alone for the Lok Sabha polls.[47]

Party/Alliance States/UTs Seats Contested Won +/-
Bahujan Samaj Party Uttar Pradesh TBD TBD
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Bihar
Tamil Nadu
Madhya Pradesh
Karnataka
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Odisha
Kerala
Telangana
Andaman Nicobar 1
Puducherry 1
AIADMK-led Alliance All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Andaman Nicobar 1 36 40
Puducherry 1
Tamil Nadu 34
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 5
YSR Congress Party Andhra Pradesh 25
Biju Janata Dal Odisha 21
Bharat Rashtra Samithi Telangana 17
Shiromani Akali Dal Punjab 13
Jannayak Janta Party Haryana 10
Indian Secular Front West Bengal 8
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Telangana 1
Maharashtra
Bihar 11
Uttar Pradesh 20
Indian National Lok Dal Haryana
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party Jammu and Kashmir
Janta Congress Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh
All India United Democratic Front Assam 3
People's Party of Arunachal Arunachal Pradesh 2[48]
Bodoland People's Front Assam 2[49]
Mizo National Front Mizoram 1
Revolutionary Goans Party Goa 2[50]
Voice of the People Party Meghalaya 1[51]
Sikkim Democratic Front Sikkim 1
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha Sikkim 1
United Democratic Party Meghalaya 1
Zoram People's Movement Mizoram 1

Major election issues

Unemployment

The issue of unemployment has been a major problem for the Indian economy, especially affecting the youth.[52][53] Unemployment in India has been at a 45-year old high.[54] According to a 2022 World Bank report, India's youth unemployment rate stood at 23.2%,[55] whereas the national unemployment hovered around 7%.[52] In 2023, 42.3% of graduates were unemployed, showing the lack of job growth needed to accommodate the increasing workforce.[56]

As such, unemployment has taken a centre stage in the election campaigns, with the opposition Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance banking on rising unemployment and inflation to criticise the BJP government's handling of the Indian economy.[57] As a part of its separate youth manifesto, the Congress-led INDIA bloc promised to fill in the 3 million vacancies in government jobs and bring in the "Right to Apprenticeship", in which any diploma and degree holder up to the age of 25 can demand employment for one year and they will get a one-year salary of ₹100,000 for the term of the job.[58]

Hindu nationalism

Ram Mandir consecration ceremony

The BJP prepared a pamphlet for the Ram Mandir Inauguration Programmes to connect with families across the nation. After the consecration of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, a new era of Hindu nationalistic sentiments have dominated the political sphere in India.[59][60] Modi kept a long-standing political pledge of the reconstruction of the Ram Mandir and was seen to have fulfilled the BJP's manifesto to the nation's Hindu population.[60] The Hindu nationalist ideology of Modi and the BJP has also garnered substantial support from Hindu community members.[61][62] At the same time, Bollywood productions have been released with themes supporting the Modi government's policies and Hindu nationalist ideologies.[63] In response to such concerns, BJP spokesperson Mmhonlumo Kikon acknowledged the existence of a "level of threat perception", but said that the party was trying to change that.[64]

A major controversy was stirred when the opposition Congress Party and its leaders declined an invitation to the Ram Mandir consecration ceremony, saying that the event was politicised into a 'BJP-RSS event'.[65] Assam chief minister Himanta Biswa Sarma said that the invitation was an opportunity for the Congress to 'reduce its sin', and that history would continue to judge it as 'anti-Hindu'.[66] The four Shankaracharyas also declined attending the event, stating that the ceremony was politicised as a campaign event at the half-built temple.[67][68]

Electoral Bonds

On 15 February 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Electoral Bond system of campaign financing that was introduced by the Modi government in 2017 which allowed individuals and companies to donate money to political parties anonymously and without limits was unconstitutional, saying that the process allowed donors to assert "influence over policymaking".[69] On 18 March, the court ordered the State Bank of India (SBI) to provide all records regarding the electoral bonds to the Election Commission of India by 21 March in order to match electoral donors with their recipients and rejected a plea by the Confederation of Indian Industry, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India from divulging the identities of donors. Initial reports suggest that among the leading donors to political parties were some of India's largest firms such as Vedanta Limited, Bharti Airtel, RPSG Group and Essel Mining. It also found that the BJP was the recipient of nearly half of all recorded donations,[70] In total, the top five political parties in terms of electoral bonds received are the BJP, which received Rs 6,060.5 crore, the All India Trinamool Congress (TMC), which received Rs 1,609.5 crore, the Congress Party, with Rs 1,421.8 crore, the Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS), which received Rs 1,214.7 crore, and the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), which received Rs 775.5 crore.[71][72][73] The biggest buyer of electoral bonds was found to be Santiago Martin, the Tamil Nadu-based head of the lottery firm Future Gaming and Hotel Services Private Limited, who bought bonds worth 13.68 billion rupees ($163 million) between 2020 and 2024 and made donations to the TMC, the BJP, and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), which rules Tamil Nadu. The biggest single donor to any political party was Megha Engineering and Infrastructure Limited (MEIL), a construction firm based in Hyderabad that bought electoral bonds worth over 12 billion rupees ($144 million) between 2019 and 2024 and made donations to the Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS), the BJP, and the Congress Party, who alternated in ruling Telangana during that time.[74]

Some politicians from the opposition have termed Electoral Bonds a "scam" and an "extortion racket".[75][76][77] Indian political observers have reached the conclusion that either Indian businessmen have been regularly bribing their way out of trouble, or that the BJP-controlled government has been using government agencies to extort them. From the data released by the SBI, it was found that companies gave donations around the time they received major government contracts. Close to half of the top 30 corporate donors were facing investigations by government agencies around the time they purchased electoral bonds.[78][79][80] In response to allegations regarding the electoral bonds, BJP spokesperson Syed Zafar Islam denied that the party had done any wrongdoing and said that its electoral bonds were gained "on merit".[74]

Congress Party fund predicament

On 16 February 2024, the Congress Party alleged that the Income Tax Department (IT) ordered the freezing of bank accounts by the Congress Party containing 2.1 billion rupees ($25.3 million) as part of an ongoing legal dispute.[81] The Congress Party's treasurer Ajay Maken later added that tax authorities imposed a 2.1-billion rupee ($25 million) lien on 13 February, "virtually sealed" its bank accounts and confiscated 1.1 billion rupees ($14 million). The party's leader Rahul Gandhi complained that the restrictions had rendered the party unable to campaign properly, adding that "Our entire financial identity has been erased." Gandhi also accused Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah of conducting a "criminal action" against the party, which the BJP denied. His mother and former Congress leader Sonia Gandhi also alleged that the tax issues are "part of the systemic efforts to cripple" the party. An appeal is currently pending in the Supreme Court.[82]

According to the IT Department's official sources, it has recovered ₹135 crore from the Congress for breaking the legislation exempting political parties from paying taxes, rather than freezing the party's bank accounts as the opposition party had claimed.[83] The party received notices from the IT department again on 29 March asking it to pay ₹1,823.08 crore (US$228 million). The Congress accused the BJP of engaging in "tax terrorism" and alleged that the BJP is in serious violation of income-tax laws and that the IT department should raise a demand of ₹4,617.58 crore (US$578 million) crore from the BJP for such violations.[84]

Investigations into corruption cases

The election period also coincided with investigations by authorities into state officials belonging to opposition parties, such as Delhi Chief Minister and Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal, who is under investigation for alleged corruption in the allocation of liquor licences, and Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren, who was arrested in February 2024 for allegedly facilitating an illegal land sale. The Enforcement Directorate is also investigating four chief ministers not allied with the BJP on various charges, while investigations have been closed on former opposition politicians who have since joined the BJP. Hartosh Singh Bal, a journalist for the current affairs magazine The Caravan told Agence France-Presse that the move by government agencies indicated their behavior as "handmaidens of the ruling party to cow down the political opposition".[81]

The BJP-led government has been known to use Enforcement Directorate raids to target opposition politicians critical of it, with 95% of cases registered being against opposition leaders.[85][86][87] Since 2014, 25 opposition leaders facing corruption charges have joined the BJP, with 23 of them having their inquiries closed or frozen after joining the ruling party.[88]

Following Kejriwal's arrest on 21 March over the liquor license scam charges, Delhi's finance minister Atishi Singh accused the BJP of orchestrating a "political conspiracy" against Kejriwal.[89] His arrest also led to clashes between party leaders, supporters and the police on 22 March.[90] Rahul Gandhi, reacting to Kejriwal's arrest, said that a "scared leader" wants to create a "dead democracy", without naming anyone.[91]

Party campaigns

Bharatiya Janata Party

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

The national executive meeting of the BJP held on 16 and 17 January 2023 saw the party reaffirm its faith in Prime Minister Narendra Modi and extend the tenure of BJP national president J. P. Nadda.[92]

Charting out the BJP's strategy for the upcoming polls, Modi in his speech to party workers said they should reach out to every section of society, including the marginalised and minority communities, "without electoral considerations".[93]

Following the 2023 Legislative Assembly elections, Modi debuted the slogan "Modi Ki Guarantee" for the 2024 polls.[94]

Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

The bloc's first joint rally was held in Patna, Bihar on 3 March 2024. The rally saw, among others, Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge, party leader Rahul Gandhi, Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chief Lalu Prasad Yadav, former Bihar deputy chief minister Tejashwi Yadav, Samajwadi Party supremo Akhilesh Yadav, and senior Left leaders Sitaram Yechury and D. Raja. Kharge attacked Kumar for frequently changing alliances and criticised the BJP for not fulfilling its promise of jobs and neglecting the country's poor and the majority.[95]

The alliance jointly held a rally at Shivaji Park in Mumbai on 17 March, a day after the end of Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra. The rally was attended by Gandhi, SS(UBT) president Uddhav Thackeray, NCP(SP) leader Sharad Pawar, RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav, and DMK leader and Tamil Nadu chief minister M. K. Stalin, among many others.[96] At the rally, Gandhi said that he was compelled to launch his yatra due to rising inflation and unemployment in the nation.[97]

A few days after arrest of Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal in connection with the alleged Delhi liquor scam on 22 March,[98] the opposition alliance held a protest rally against the same in Ramlila Maidan, Delhi on 31 March, where opposition leaders alleged the corruption case on him and his subsequent arrest to be a "fabrication with political motives" and a "witch hunt".[99][100][101] At the rally, named "Loktantra Bachao" (Save Democracy), amid current events, the opposition tried to frame the election as being "democracy vs dictatorship".[102]

Indian National Congress

Main article: Indian National Congress campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

The Congress campaign was launched from Nagpur at a huge rally in which over 1 million people were expected to have attended in Nagpur, Maharashtra on 28 December 2023.[103] This rally also marked the 138th Congress Foundation Day and was being held to energise party cadres for the 2024 general election.[104] Party workers from all over the state were called to join the rally.[104][105]

On 14 January, the party launched its Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra,[106] a sequel to the Bharat Jodo Yatra held the previous year.[107] The yatra started in Thoubal, Manipur and ended in Mumbai on 16 March 2024.[106] It covered 6,713 kilometres (4,171 miles) across 14 states.[108]

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Main article: Communist Party of India (Marxist) campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) began their election campaign in Kerala after announcing 15 candidates in the state.[citation needed]

Rashtriya Janata Dal

The Rashtriya Janata Dal began its campaign with its Jan Vishwas Yatra ("People's Trust Yatra") on 20 February 2024. RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav launched the yatra from Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The yatra lasted until 1 March 2024 and covered 33 districts.[109][110] In Siwan on 23 February, Yadav termed the BJP "a dustbin" which takes in other parties that have become "garbage".[111][112]

Party manifestos

Bharatiya Janata Party

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election § Manifesto

The BJP proposed a 'GYAN' formula consisting of four segments - Garib (poor), Yuva (youth), Annadata (farmers) and Nari (women) in its manifesto.[113] The Bharatiya Janata Party started a campaign to gather public recommendations and suggestions for the advancement of the State and the country, which will be incorporated into the party's manifesto for the 2024 general elections.[114][115]

  • In its manifesto, or Sankalp Patra, the BJP includes "One Nation, One Election," for the general elections. This implies that simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and all the state assemblies may take place in 2029.[116]
  • The manifesto includes the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC). The party is currently conducting a public input campaign for the manifesto.[116]
  • The BJP pledges to increase India's GDP to US$5 trillion by 2025 and $10 trillion by 2032. The Ministry of Finance has predicted that India's economy will rank third overall in the world.[117][118]

Indian National Congress

Main article: Indian National Congress campaign for the 2024 Indian general election § Manifesto

The Congress released their manifesto for the general election in March.[119] The manifesto focuses on three major segments of population and promises for them:

  • Youth Manifesto: formal employment for a year to under 25 graduate students, filling of 30 lakh government job vacancies, transparency in government job recruitment, ₹5,000 crore (US$605,000) fund for startups, standardisation of the government recruitment exam process, and social security for gig workers.[120][121][122]
  • Women Manifesto: ₹1 lakh in financial assistance to women from poor families, 50% of new government job recruitments to women, double central government's contribution to the salary of anganwadi, ASHA, and midday meal workers, legal assistance in every panchayat, and at least one hostel for working women in district headquarters.[123][124]
  • Farmers Manifesto: legal guarantee on MSP for farmers, waiving off of farmers' loans, an import-export policy favourable to them, removal of GST from agricultural commodities, and payments directly into farmers' bank accounts within 30 days in case of crop loss.[125]
  • Labourers Manifesto: Universal healthcare coverage for workers, increasing national minimum wage to ₹400 (US$4.8) per day from the current ₹172 (US$2.1) per day, an urban employment guarantee law similar to MGNREGA in the rural areas, life and accident insurance for informal sector workers.[126][127]
  • Caste census: The Congress party declared that, if it wins the election, it will conduct a comprehensive census called to survey the population, socio-economic conditions, and representation in governance institutions. It also promised to bring in legislation to eliminate the 50% cap on reservations for SC, ST, and backward classes and to protect tribal forest rights.[128]

Candidates

The prime ministerial candidate for the 2024 general election of the NDA alliance is the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[129] The prime ministerial candidate of the INDIA bloc will be decided after the 2024 polls.[130]

National Democratic Alliance

Main article: List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2024 Indian general election

Bharatiya Janata Party

The BJP announced its first list of 195 candidates on 2 March 2024.[131][132] The second list of 72 candidates was published in 13 March,[4] while the third list of nine candidates was announced on 21 March.[5] The fourth list of 15 candidates was released on 22 March,[6] followed by the fifth list of 111 candidates on 24 March,[133] and the sixth list of three candidates on 26 March.[134] The seventh list of two candidates was announced on 27 March[135] and the eighth list of eleven candidates was published on 30 March,[136] while the ninth list of one candidate was released on 31 March.[137]

Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

Main article: List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election

Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress released its first list of 39 candidates on 8 March.[10] The second list of 43 candidates was released on 13 March,[11] while the third list of 56 candidates was announced on 22 March.[59] The fourth list of 46 candidates was published on 23 March[138] and the fifth list of three candidates was released on 24 March,[139] while the sixth list of five candidates was announced on 25 March.[140] The seventh list of five candidates was published on 26 March,[141] while the eighth list of 14 candidates was announced on 27 March[142] and the ninth list of five candidates was released on 29 March.[143] The tenth list of two candidates[1] and the eleventh list of 17 candidates were both announced on 2 April.[2]

All India Trinamool Congress

The All India Trinamool Congress announced its list of 42 candidates for the West Bengal parliamentary seats on 10 March.[144]

Left Front

Main article: List of Left Front candidates in the 2024 Indian general election

In Left Front, the CPI(M) announced its list first list of 44 candidates contesting from 13 different states on 28 March.[145]

Surveys and polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election

According to the Times Now-ETG Research survey released on 3 February 2024, 64% of participants preferred the incumbent Narendra Modi (BJP) as the next Prime Minister of India. Rahul Gandhi (INC) was the second-most preferred at 17%.[146]

Opinion polls

This section is transcluded from Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election#Seats and vote share projections. (edit | history)
Vote share projections
Polling agency Date published Sample size Margin of error Lead
NDA INDIA Others
News 18 March 2024[147] 118,616 ±4% 48 32 20 16
ABP News-CVoter March 2024 41,762[148] ±5% 46 39 15 7
Times Now-ETG March 2024[149] 323,357[150] ±3% 52 42 6 10
Zee News-Matrize February 2024[151] 167,843 ±2% 43.6 27.7 24.9 15.9
India Today-CVoter February 2024[152] 149,092[153] ±3–5% 45 38 17 8
Times Now-ETG February 2024[154] 156,843[155] ±2% 41.8 28.6 29.6 13.2
ABP-CVoter December 2023[156] 200,000 ±3–5% 42 38 20 4
Times Now-ETG December 2023[157][158] 147,231[159] ±3% 44 39 17 5
India TV-CNX October 2023[160][161] 54,250 ±3% 43.4 39.1 17.5 4.3
Times Now-ETG October 2023[162] 135,100[163] ±3% 42.6 40.2 17.2 2.4
August 2023[164][165] 110,662[166] ±3% 42.6 40.2 17.2 2.4
India Today-CVoter August 2023[167] 160,438 ±3–5% 43 41 16 2
INDIA Formed
India Today-CVoter January 2023[168] 140,917 ±3–5% 43 30 27 13
2019 election results 45.3% 27.5% 27.2% NDA
Seat projections
Polling agency Date published Sample size Margin of error Lead
NDA INDIA Others
India TV-CNX April 2024[169] 179,190 ±3% 399 113 31 NDA
News18 March 2024[170] 118,616[171] ±4% 411 105 27 NDA
ABP News-CVoter March 2024 41,762 ±5% 366 156 21 NDA
India TV-CNX March 2024[172] 162,900[173] ±3% 378 98 67 NDA
Times Now-ETG March 2024[174] 323,357 ±3% 358–398 110–130 40–50 NDA
Zee News-Matrize February 2024[151] 167,843 ±2% 377 93 73 NDA
India Today-CVoter February 2024[175] 149,092[176] ±3–5% 335 166 42 NDA
Times Now-ETG February 2024[177] 156,843 ±2% 366 104 73 NDA
ABP-CVoter December 2023[156] 200,000 ±3–5% 295–335 165–205 35–65 NDA
Times Now-ETG December 2023[157][158] 147,231 ±3% 319–339 148–168 52–61 NDA
India TV-CNX October 2023[160][161] 54,250 ±3% 315 172 56 NDA
Times Now-ETG October 2023[162] 135,100 ±3% 297–317 165–185 57–65 NDA
August 2023[178][165] 110,662 ±3% 296–326 160–190 56–64 NDA
India Today-CVoter August 2023[167] 160,438 ±3–5% 306 193 54 NDA
INDIA formed
India Today-CVoter[168] January 2023 140,917 ±3–5% 298 153 92 NDA
2019 election results 354 93 96 NDA

Results

Results by alliance or party

Alliance/Party Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Contested Won +/−
NDA BJP 446
TDP 17
JD(U) 16
SS 13
PMK 10
LJP(RV) 5
BDJS 4
NCP 5
JD(S) 3
TMC(M) 3
AMMK 2
AD(S) 2
AGP 2
JSP 2
NPP 2
RLD 2
AJSU 1
HAM 1
NDPP 1
NISHAD 1
NPF 1
RLM 1
SBSP 1
UPPL 1
Independent 1
Total
INDIA INC
CPI(M)
SP 63
AITC 48
AAP 22
RJD 27
DMK 21
SS(UBT)
CPI
NCP(SP)
JMM 6
CPI(ML)L 4
RSP 3
AIFB
IUML 3
JKNC
JKPDP
VCK 2
AJP 1
KC(M) 1
KC 1
KMDK 1
Total
AIADMK+ AIADMK 34
DMDK 5
PT 1
Total
BSP
YSRCP 25
BJD 21
BRS 17
SAD 13
JJP
INLD 10
AIMIM
GGP
AIUDF 3
SAD(A) 13
RGP 2
ZPM 1
SDF 1
Other parties[179]
Independents
NOTA
Total 100% - - - -
Vote statistics
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast/turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters

Notes

See also

References

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